2025-2026 ENSO

[EastonSN+]

Seems the difference between the GEFS dumping the trough out west as opposed to the EPS is the handling of the MJO. While the EPS is essentially in the COD, GEFS is moving to phase 6.

[GaWx]

3 hours ago, EastonSN+ said:

Seems the difference between the GEFS dumping the trough out west as opposed to the EPS is the handling of the MJO. While the EPS is essentially in the COD, GEFS is moving to phase 6.

 
 Today’s EPS and CFS are also going to ph 6 mid Jan. BAMwx posted that phase 6 in -AAM during Jan has been very cold in the E US, with the most intense cold in the interior SE (see lower right in image just below), which to me was very counterintuitive. So, I needed to know the answer.

 

  Now it’s even more important to know as the move to ph 6 midmonth now has increasing model support. The following are results of my research done on Tue, which looked at GSP, a station in that coldest (pink) area, during La Niña:

 

Niña Year….# phase 6 days…avg anomaly

1975…3…-8 M

1976…13…-9 W-S

1989…3…+8 M

1999…3…+2 M

2000…3…-4 W

2006…6…+3 S

2008…3…+8 S

2009…6…+1 W-M

2011…12…-7 W-S

2012…19…+1 W-S

2017…2…0 W

2018…3…-2 S

2021…8…-1 M-S

2022…4…-9 W

2025…2…-5 W

W weak (mainly in or near circle), M mod., S strong

91 total days (big sample)

—————

So, 15 cases of ph 6 during Nina Jans:

3 MBN

3 BN

6 NN

1 AN

2 MAN

——————— 

- These La Nina Jan results weren’t at all what I would have expected for phase 6, one of the 3 mild Jan phases in the SE averaged out over all years:

 

- Though there’s not surprisingly lots of variability, GSP did average 2 BN. Before seeing BAMwx’s post I never would have expected this. However, it should also be noted that BAM’s -6 to -7 for GSP is at the same time significantly too cold. 

- Only 3 of the 15 Jan cases were AN to MAN: 1989, 2006, and 2008. These were all M to S intensity (intuitive).

- So, none of the last 8 were mild as there were 5 NN and 3 BN (2011, 2022, and 2025). These also averaged 2 BN. The weakest 3 averaged a solid cold 6 BN.

- Thus if phase 6 continues to look more likely for midmonth, it will be interesting to see whether or not the NN to cold dominance works out in the SE (and E overall by association), especially if the bulk of ph 6 turns out to be anywhere from inside the circle to near/just outside the circle.

@donsutherland1

[PhiEaglesfan712]

3 hours ago, bluewave said:

A large portion of the West had their warmest December on record. But none of the areas in the East that were cold approached their coldest December on record. This has been a common theme in recent years with the warm departures being more impressive than the cold departures on a month to month basis. 
 

 

 

Climatologist49

 

‪@climatologist49.bsky.social‬

 

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December 2025 temperature ranking (since 1895). A lot of the West had their warmest December on record and nearly everywhere out west had a top 5 warmest December. 

 

10:26 PM · Jan 1, 2026

Everybody can

 

Climatologist49

 

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The month-to-date temperature departure from normal for the Contiguous U.S. is +3.9F. If this is how the month ends, December 2025 would finish as the 4th warmest December on record (1895-present). 4 of the top 5 would include 2021, 2023, 2024, and 2025. It's as if something has changed.

11:47 AM · Dec 29, 2025

Everybody can

lol, this looks more like an el nino or a +PDO than a typical -ENSO/-PDO.

[GaWx]

4 hours ago, bluewave said:

A large portion of the West had their warmest December on record. But none of the areas in the East that were cold approached their coldest December on record. This has been a common theme in recent years with the warm departures being more impressive than the cold departures on a month to month basis. 
 

 

 

Climatologist49

 

‪@climatologist49.bsky.social‬

 

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December 2025 temperature ranking (since 1895). A lot of the West had their warmest December on record and nearly everywhere out west had a top 5 warmest December. 

 

10:26 PM · Jan 1, 2026

Everybody can

 

Climatologist49

 

‪@climatologist49.bsky.social‬

 

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The month-to-date temperature departure from normal for the Contiguous U.S. is +3.9F. If this is how the month ends, December 2025 would finish as the 4th warmest December on record (1895-present). 4 of the top 5 would include 2021, 2023, 2024, and 2025. It's as if something has changed.

11:47 AM · Dec 29, 2025

Everybody can

Dec ‘25 will end up cooler than +3.9F once Dec 29-31 are added. Why? Because Dec 29-31 averaged NN to slightly BN vs 1991-2020 climo overall based on my rough est. That could be as cold as ~30 for those 3 days.

 So, the question isn’t if it will end up cooler because it has to based on the above. The question is how much will it bring down the +3.9. Roughly, you’d be adding a 10% weighting with as cold as ~-1 (based on 1991-2020 anomaly) to a 28 day of +3.9. That would come out to ~+3.4 IF the last 3 days were really -1. If it goes back down to ~+3.4, then it could also end up cooler than 1939, something @TheClimateChangerand I have been discussing. Even if Dec 29-31 averaged near 0 anomaly, that would still bring Dec as a whole down to +3.5, still quite possibly cooler than 1939 in the absolute and definitely much cooler for the anomaly vs appropriate climo for each period as 1939 was >+5.5.

 Also, 2015 may turn out warmer. So, 2025 could come in 6th or so.

 This chart only goes through 2021:

Edit: note that per this chart that 1939 was >+5.5 F vs its climo and 1957 was ~+3.9. So, 2025 anomaly also could come in cooler than 1957’s anomaly.

 So, 2025’s anomaly vs its climo could come in 7th.

[SnowGoose69]

28 minutes ago, PhiEaglesfan712 said:

lol, this looks more like an el nino or a +PDO than a typical -ENSO/-PDO.

A strong El Nino December would rarely have those anomalies from ND into the Lakes, they'd normally  be above normal.  Sometimes the immediate EC can be below but El Nino Decembers, even weak to moderate ones often are not cold anywhere except the Deep South and SE and that is often just a relativity thing where a place like ATL/BNA might average -1 largely due to lots of overcast and rainy days but not exactly have a ton of days in the 40s or below or nights below 32.  An El Nino January or February can have that type of departure map though

[donsutherland1]

Today is the 32nd consecutive day on which the PNA is < 0. Despite the EPS and GEFS currently showing only a brief turn to positive, the historic evidence since 1980 suggests that a regime change to an extended period of a predominantly positive PNA is likely once the current stretch of PNA- concludes. Until one is in the short-range of the teleconnection forecasts, the base case remains a regime shift in the PNA, not a temporary fluctuation to positive values. 

All 10 prior streaks of 30 or more consecutive days since 1980 ended with a regime change in the PNA.

[jaxjagman]

5 hours ago, SnowGoose69 said:

A strong El Nino December would rarely have those anomalies from ND into the Lakes, they'd normally  be above normal.  Sometimes the immediate EC can be below but El Nino Decembers, even weak to moderate ones often are not cold anywhere except the Deep South and SE and that is often just a relativity thing where a place like ATL/BNA might average -1 largely due to lots of overcast and rainy days but not exactly have a ton of days in the 40s or below or nights below 32.  An El Nino January or February can have that type of departure map though

In Mid Tn some of most catastrophic ice storms happen during a  more or less in a moderate NINO.I.E 1951 and 1994,we in general in Tn have have two distinct weather patterns east and west of the Cumberland Plateau.In a NINA a ice storm is more common east of the Cumberland,during a NINO its west.

We get some of our best winter storms in a NINO than compared to a NINA around Nashville.Though in general it starts out with ZR and/or IP before the columns cool to become all SN

Edit:I'm not trying to dispute you if what i said,just adding to climo here,what you said is in general is right around BNA,cold surface temps and WAA is a recipe for ice

[Stormchaserchuck1]

2 hours ago, donsutherland1 said:

Today is the 32nd consecutive day on which the PNA is < 0. Despite the EPS and GEFS currently showing only a brief turn to positive, the historic evidence since 1980 suggests that a regime change to an extended period of a predominantly positive PNA is likely once the current stretch of PNA- concludes. Until one is in the short-range of the teleconnection forecasts, the base case remains a regime shift in the PNA, not a temporary fluctuation to positive values. 

All 10 prior streaks of 30 or more consecutive days since 1980 ended with a regime change in the PNA.

That's kind of what I'm intuitively thinking. There is a Kelvin wave moving warm water to the central-ENSO-subsurface in the next few weeks, I have found that it does correlate with more +PNA conditions. 

[michsnowfreak]

6 hours ago, SnowGoose69 said:

A strong El Nino December would rarely have those anomalies from ND into the Lakes, they'd normally  be above normal.  Sometimes the immediate EC can be below but El Nino Decembers, even weak to moderate ones often are not cold anywhere except the Deep South and SE and that is often just a relativity thing where a place like ATL/BNA might average -1 largely due to lots of overcast and rainy days but not exactly have a ton of days in the 40s or below or nights below 32.  An El Nino January or February can have that type of departure map though

Indeed a strong El Nino would usually be a torch December in Michigan, and likely the warmest month of an overall mild winter. This December was 4-5° colder than avg. 

[Stormchaserchuck1]

Yeah, pretty classic La Nina December in the orientation of the anomalies. Feb is the highest correlated ENSO month, it will be interesting to see if we have more -PNA conditions if warm water continues to infiltrate the ENSO subsurface.. right now the subsurface general is ENSO Neutral. 

[michsnowfreak]

1 hour ago, Stormchaserchuck1 said:

Yeah, pretty classic La Nina December in the orientation of the anomalies. Feb is the highest correlated ENSO month, it will be interesting to see if we have more -PNA conditions if warm water continues to infiltrate the ENSO subsurface.. right now the subsurface general is ENSO Neutral. 

As I highly suspected and noted weeks ago....with cold entrenched over the Great Lakes & northeast, we would undoubtedly hear more about warm anomalies elsewhere. 

[snowfan789]

Here are some interesting albeit depressing observations from a well known and respected longtime recorder of the weather in Colorado’s mountains a little north of Crested Butte.  https://www.gothicwx.org. The recent warmth in particular has been truly extraordinary - absolutely obliterating past records left and right - though the lack of snow and first ever officially observed December rain in his spot is also striking. Only adding to the frustration is the persistent negative PNA pattern we’ve had, which is usually favorable for the Rockies. But that monster ridge over the southern Plains that seemingly won’t budge has generally been tearing the systems apart before reaching CO while places like CA have had considerable improvements since mid-December, which is great for them. But really sucks for us to be failing to capitalize on a PNA status that eventually will get worse for all of the West. Just seemingly cannot win this season so far here in CO.
 

Last winter was also one of the least snowy seasons in 50+ winters of Gothicwx (see above) record keeping. So we’re arguably on track to have 2 of the least 5 snowy winters in the western central CO mountains over the past 50+ years within merely two seasons, though it is still somewhat early and, yes, things can change this season. Even so, the degree of recent change in our weather is pretty shocking, even knowing what has been predicted with climate change. I acknowledge we have also recently had a good snow season locally (2022-23, which was a horrid year for the East), but the extremes on the warm/less snow side are far more dramatic. Just thought I’d throw in a little more perspective from a part of the West that once had reliably very snowy winters, with just a few exceptions.

[stadiumwave]

11 hours ago, GaWx said:

 
 Today’s EPS and CFS are also going to ph 6 mid Jan. BAMwx posted that phase 6 in -AAM during Jan has been very cold in the E US, with the most intense cold in the interior SE (see lower right in image just below), which to me was very counterintuitive. So, I needed to know the answer.

 

  Now it’s even more important to know as the move to ph 6 midmonth now has increasing model support. The following are results of my research done on Tue, which looked at GSP, a station in that coldest (pink) area, during La Niña:

 

Niña Year….# phase 6 days…avg anomaly

1975…3…-8 M

1976…13…-9 W-S

1989…3…+8 M

1999…3…+2 M

2000…3…-4 W

2006…6…+3 S

2008…3…+8 S

2009…6…+1 W-M

2011…12…-7 W-S

2012…19…+1 W-S

2017…2…0 W

2018…3…-2 S

2021…8…-1 M-S

2022…4…-9 W

2025…2…-5 W

W weak (mainly in or near circle), M mod., S strong

91 total days (big sample)

—————

So, 15 cases of ph 6 during Nina Jans:

3 MBN

3 BN

6 NN

1 AN

2 MAN

——————— 

- These La Nina Jan results weren’t at all what I would have expected for phase 6, one of the 3 mild Jan phases in the SE averaged out over all years:

 

- Though there’s not surprisingly lots of variability, GSP did average 2 BN. Before seeing BAMwx’s post I never would have expected this. However, it should also be noted that BAM’s -6 to -7 for GSP is at the same time significantly too cold. 

- Only 3 of the 15 Jan cases were AN to MAN: 1989, 2006, and 2008. These were all M to S intensity (intuitive).

- So, none of the last 8 were mild as there were 5 NN and 3 BN (2011, 2022, and 2025). These also averaged 2 BN. The weakest 3 averaged a solid cold 6 BN.

- Thus if phase 6 continues to look more likely for midmonth, it will be interesting to see whether or not the NN to cold dominance works out in the SE (and E overall by association), especially if the bulk of ph 6 turns out to be anywhere from inside the circle to near/just outside the circle.

@donsutherland1

 

I just do not buy Phase 6 being cold

[Krs4Lfe]

1 hour ago, snowfan789 said:

Here are some interesting albeit depressing observations from a well known and respected longtime recorder of the weather in Colorado’s mountains a little north of Crested Butte.  https://www.gothicwx.org. The recent warmth in particular has been truly extraordinary - absolutely obliterating past records left and right - though the lack of snow and first ever officially observed December rain in his spot is also striking. Only adding to the frustration is the persistent negative PNA pattern we’ve had, which is usually favorable for the Rockies. But that monster ridge over the southern Plains that seemingly won’t budge has generally been tearing the systems apart before reaching CO while places like CA have had considerable improvements since mid-December, which is great for them. But really sucks for us to be failing to capitalize on a PNA status that eventually will get worse for all of the West. Just seemingly cannot win this season so far here in CO.
 

Last winter was also one of the least snowy seasons in 50+ winters of Gothicwx (see above) record keeping. So we’re arguably on track to have 2 of the least 5 snowy winters in the western central CO mountains over the past 50+ years within merely two seasons, though it is still somewhat early and, yes, things can change this season. Even so, the degree of recent change in our weather is pretty shocking, even knowing what has been predicted with climate change. I acknowledge we have also recently had a good snow season locally (2022-23, which was a horrid year for the East), but the extremes on the warm/less snow side are far more dramatic. Just thought I’d throw in a little more perspective from a part of the West that once had reliably very snowy winters, with just a few exceptions.

This will only be exacerbated by climate change. The warmth and mild weather for Central, south, and west US this season is incredible. Almost all snow outside of highest elevation has been east of the Dakotas and confined to Midwest and northeast. Very impressive warmth and mild weather. Pattern change isn’t until mid January so this will persist for some time 

[stadiumwave]

5 minutes ago, Krs4Lfe said:

This will only be exacerbated by climate change. The warmth and mild weather for Central, south, and west US this season is incredible. Almost all snow outside of highest elevation has been east of the Dakotas and confined to Midwest and northeast. Very impressive warmth and mild weather. Pattern change isn’t until mid January so this will persist for some time 

 

It is weather! One's experienced weather in one's short life or extremely small period of record keeping is just...meh. 

[40/70 Benchmark]

https://easternmassweather.blogspot.com/2026/01/pacific-trough-regime-1-january-winter.html

[michsnowfreak]

The warm, snowless start to the season in the West is remarkable and highly unusual. Though I do have to say...with a few exceptions, its very rare to have a "good" winter simultaneously in both the east and west. The term "good" being subjective and relative to one's climate of course. No matter what any given winter in southeast Michigan does relative to climo, it will always be a bad winter to a snow weenie in Marquette and a good winter to a snow weenie in DC. The trough/ridge alignment is a huge part of how weather works. I know very little about past winters in the west, but i read a story once about repeated blizzards in the winter of 1948-49. That was a horrid, mild, snowless winter here.

 

[Daniel Boone]

13 minutes ago, Krs4Lfe said:

This will only be exacerbated by climate change. The warmth and mild weather for Central, south, and west US this season is incredible. Almost all snow outside of highest elevation has been east of the Dakotas and confined to Midwest and northeast. Very impressive warmth and mild weather. Pattern change isn’t until mid January so this will persist for some time 

Agree with the south , central and West but further East in the upper South, South Central and SE Virginia, North and NE NC just had their earliest, snowiest start to Meteorological Winter in Many Year's with 3 back to back Snowfalls in early December.

    Some Area's in the Yukon hit -65 recently. Not saying Climate change is not real overall but, it's still exagerrated somewhat for now, imo. Northern Florida broke Snowfall Records last Winter with 10" in Milton, 7" in Pensacola. 

   Much of Climate is Cyclical. Regardless of what the cause was or is. Greenland was once Farmland according to Archaelogical Findings and Scientific evidence. The cause is Hypothesis and Theories. We don't know for sure.

  We may continue on a warming Cycle for quite some time. May not. There's been warm periods and cold periods over the Years since recorded History. Some short duration, some long. The little Ice Age for Instance. There's speculation and Theories on the cause of it. In the Late '70's there was serious talk that we could be heading into another Ice Age. 

   We just don't know really. Could be a Cycle to where we go so warm that Greenland is Farmland again. God forbid. Of course, we'll all probably be gone before that Extreme if it were to occur.

    

[raindancewx]

January already looks like a much better month down here - seasonal snow levels and multiple systems coming through later in the week. My ACE to La Nina thing implied ~26 days in Nov-Feb would be 5F or colder than daily averages even after the late hurricane season activity. We've had 0. So either its completely wrong, or super back loaded. Right now we have a high of 41F forecast at the end of the week, which is 6-7F below avg, and a cold low is likely too. For all La Ninas since 1950, it's almost never out by more than 20% either way. Even getting to 20 cold days by Feb 28 would mean half of remaining Jan-Feb days will be pretty cold - very different from our +10F Dec and warm Nov.

Analogs in the 6-10 day for CPC include 2018-19 and 2022-23 which are two years I expect to be become much better matches as the pattern progresses. There was quite a bit of activity by Kamchatka (Lows) in mid-late December, which coincides with stormier/cooler weather in the SW at 17-21 day leads. So we're on schedule in that week two January period.

[jaxjagman]

24 minutes ago, raindancewx said:

January already looks like a much better month down here - seasonal snow levels and multiple systems coming through later in the week. My ACE to La Nina thing implied ~26 days in Nov-Feb would be 5F or colder than daily averages even after the late hurricane season activity. We've had 0. So either its completely wrong, or super back loaded. Right now we have a high of 41F forecast at the end of the week, which is 6-7F below avg, and a cold low is likely too. For all La Ninas since 1950, it's almost never out by more than 20% either way. Even getting to 20 cold days by Feb 28 would mean half of remaining Jan-Feb days will be pretty cold - very different from our +10F Dec and warm Nov.

Analogs in the 6-10 day for CPC include 2018-19 and 2022-23 which are two years I expect to be become much better matches as the pattern progresses. There was quite a bit of activity by Kamchatka (Lows) in mid-late December, which coincides with stormier/cooler weather in the SW at 17-21 day leads. So we're on schedule in that week two January period.

Ive been thinking something similar to 2022-2023i,mayve more or less the wave lenghts dont match up,but it was a cold Dec Christmas 2022,and much AN into J/F,i dont see that being a bad analog year,least right now unless something changes

[40/70 Benchmark]

9 hours ago, donsutherland1 said:

Today is the 32nd consecutive day on which the PNA is < 0. Despite the EPS and GEFS currently showing only a brief turn to positive, the historic evidence since 1980 suggests that a regime change to an extended period of a predominantly positive PNA is likely once the current stretch of PNA- concludes. Until one is in the short-range of the teleconnection forecasts, the base case remains a regime shift in the PNA, not a temporary fluctuation to positive values. 

All 10 prior streaks of 30 or more consecutive days since 1980 ended with a regime change in the PNA.

This times 1,000,000.

[40/70 Benchmark]

46 minutes ago, jaxjagman said:

Ive been thinking something similar to 2022-2023i,mayve more or less the wave lenghts dont match up,but it was a cold Dec Christmas 2022,and much AN into J/F,i dont see that being a bad analog year,least right now unless something changes

Totally buy that analog with more subdued west coast troughing....

[Maestrobjwa]

1 minute ago, 40/70 Benchmark said:

Totally buy that analog with more subdued west coast troughing....

Dang didn't the SER rage that entire winter, though? Not sure anybody on the EC got much of anything (0.5" down this way)

[40/70 Benchmark]

Just now, Maestrobjwa said:

Dang didn't the SER rage that entire winter, though? Not sure anybody on the EC got much of anything (0.5" down this way)

SNE narrowly missed a HECS in March...nailed CNE. Big SSW in Feb.

[40/70 Benchmark]

Early March 2019 had a good storm in SNE...

[Maestrobjwa]

9 minutes ago, 40/70 Benchmark said:

SNE narrowly missed a HECS in March...nailed CNE. Big SSW in Feb.

I see. Guess Feb SSWs benefit you guys a bit more since your winter goes deeper into March, lol

...So when's the last time we had a big SSW in like December or January?

[40/70 Benchmark]

6 minutes ago, Maestrobjwa said:

I see. Guess Feb SSWs benefit you guys a bit more since your winter goes deeper into March, lol

...So when's the last time we had a big SSW in like December or January?

This year was only a couple of days before December.....1981 did. They are usually later.

[Maestrobjwa]

Just now, 40/70 Benchmark said:

This year was only a couple of days before December.....1981 did. They are usually later.

Ah so the late November one did verify! (So used to them not verifying I wasn't sure, lol). Now I wonder if we are still seeing any lagged effects from it? (Unless it wasn't thst strong?)

[40/70 Benchmark]

36 minutes ago, Maestrobjwa said:

Ah so the late November one did verify! (So used to them not verifying I wasn't sure, lol). Now I wonder if we are still seeing any lagged effects from it? (Unless it wasn't thst strong?)

Nah-it's done.

[Stormchaserchuck1]

It was actually an impressive -WPO/-PNA hybrid December.. +300dm anomaly for the month is rare. 

-PNA doesn't go real warm in the Northeast in December

And -WPO is cold in December (default is positive, so it's opposite)

The combination of those two gave us almost perfectly the anomaly composition for the month. 

Although it is interesting that the Southwest and Lower Midwest were so warm.. even though the pattern supports a ridge there, it did go much more extreme than the usual correlation. 

2021 also had a +300dm N. pacific ridge, although it was more RNA-oriented