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Could be December 2009. That was a big one that got overshadowed by February 2010.

Not so fast Mike!! We are not close yet to what think is being answered! The deep dive above clearly has not yet answer these two questions for Coatesville! First the refit I promised with some very important findings!! and then where I think you and I are answering different questions. At the end I will address your Phoenixville box above. I said I wouldn't quote that 1952-82 trend until I'd refit it against the full break set, because if there are several real discontinuities in the window then a single-step model is under-specified and the number is worthless. I've now done it, and the result is quite surprising!! The mechanism first, because it's the interesting part. A step term and a trend term compete for the same variance in a regression. If Coatesville's apparent cooling were really just the station stepping down at a few dates, fitting those steps should soak up the drop and leave the residual slope flattened toward zero. That is exactly the test. But what actually happened is the complete reverse. Every fitted step comes out positive - the model wants the later years lifted, not lowered - and lifting the later years forces the underlying line to fall more steeply to still pass through the data. Coatesville 1952-1982, annual, trend and steps estimated jointly in one model rather than subtracting steps first: no steps -0.594 F/decade p = 0.0001 1973 only (my attributed break) -0.735 F/decade p = 0.0048 NOAA's two (1959, 1971) -0.959 F/decade p = 0.0272 Berkeley's five (1959/68/71/73/76) -1.657 F/decade p = 0.0188 Significant in all four. Fitted steps +0.45, +0.46, +0.89, +0.91, +0.81 F, every one positive. So the more of your documented breaks I grant, the more raw cooling is left over needing some other explanation. The weaknesses, because I'd rather flag them myself. Not one of those steps is individually significant - best p is 0.17, standard errors 0.6 to 0.7 F against steps of 0.45 to 0.91. So this isn't proof the steps are positive. It's that the data, asked where steps would sit if they exist, puts them in the direction that deepens the cooling. Suggestive, not conclusive, and it neither confirms nor refutes your documentation, because at annual resolution this series can't resolve steps that size. AIC prefers the no-steps model over every step set, though with those SEs that's weak too. And the five-break fit is badly under-powered: seven parameters on 31 values at 0.75 F residual SD detects a genuinely present trend only about 14% of the time in simulation. It found one anyway, which is why I'm reporting it rather than quietly setting it aside - it's the most favourable number to me and the one I trust least. So what I'll stand behind is a range: -0.59 to -1.66 F/decade over 1952-1982 depending on the break set assumed, significant in all four specifications. Now, on validity and necessity. I think we're answering different questions. Your work establishes that events occurred at those dates, and I've conceded that without reservation. Validity is a further step: it requires the magnitude applied at each date to be right. The PHA sizes each step from neighbour comparison, not from the site. A 0.3 mile move is a documented fact. The +0.86 C attached to it is an estimate. Nothing in the 530-1s, the deeds or the aerials tests that estimate, and that's the question I keep coming back to - it isn't answered by more documentation, however good the documentation is. Necessity is different again. If the raw cooling at Coatesville were an artifact of the station changes, fitting those changes should dissolve it. It doesn't. It deepens it!!!!. Whatever else that shows, it isn't what "the adjustment is essential to get the right answer" predicts. And about a third of Coatesville's adjustment trend isn't attached to any listed changepoint at all. NCEI's twelve cumulate to +0.123 C/decade against an actual adjusted-minus-raw trend of +0.184. Station history can't validate a component that no documented event is claimed to explain. I've asked NCEI what accounts for it rather than guessing, and I'll post their answer either way. On Phoenixville I'd want to look at your figure properly before saying much, and I'll say up front that my own analysis can't support a claim about that station in either direction. When I tested its 1952-82 trend against a step placed at every possible date, 14 of 21 rendered it non-significant. That series is too short and too noisy to separate a step from a trend, so I'm not going to argue it either way. I'd also note that if the microsite is changing continuously - your reading of the aerials is roughly every ten years from 1927 forward - then the disturbance is gradual, and a step function is an odd model for gradual drift. On the two hours: fair enough, and I've said as much. Though the changepoint list I've been working from came from NCEI directly on request, and isn't online anywhere. The offer stands on your 530-1 and deed compilation. Your dates are better than the ones I read off your figure, and the magnitude question needs them. Now regarding the last Phoenixville block - that block does not say what your post said. Your comment claims the adjustments are "valid and absolutely necessary," but the header states ten breaks now carry a documented physical cause and seven smaller breaks remain unexplained, plus one marked UNRESOLVED at 1966 and a merged box labelled "UNDOCUMENTED — 7 BREAKS." That's 10 of 18, not a resounding yes!!!! Thanks for posting it — it's a more careful figure than the summary suggests. What strikes me most is that the two sources diverge here in a way they don't at Coatesville. At 1940 — the largest documented move in the record, 2.1 miles — BEST flags +0.75 F and NOAA flags nothing at all. At 1942 it's the reverse. At 1985 you note the NOAA break is a single-station calibration artifact. If two implementations of neighbour-based detection disagree about whether the biggest documented move in the record produced a break, that seems worth more attention than either of us has given it. The 1920 entry is the strongest piece of documentary work in either of your figures, incidentally — coords changing then reverting a year later while the offset doesn't is a real finding and I'd not have got there. My own analysis still can't support a claim about this station either way. Testing its 1952-82 trend against a step at every possible date, 14 of 21 rendered it non-significant. Too short and too noisy to separate a step from a trend, so to date we cannot find total support for these NCEI adjustments! Paul

Hmm, can I call a friend...assuming I can find someone to call a friend? Seriously, can't think of what you're referring to???

Big wind damage in Wilbraham

Well, maybe there are... then again maybe there aren't lol, but if we can get something like the 12z AIFS-ENS below. It would probably keep going the right direction. Start seeing this kind of GOA low on a regular basis would do wonders for the eastern portion of it. Do that plus get some tropical cyclones to take a bite out of that north Pacific warmth that has pooled there from the persistent ridging in that area. Combined, that would go a long way towards transforming that index. As a side note, that's part of the reason I would like to see a couple recurving typhoons through that region. Some guidance is hinting at maybe there finally being some potential for that too as we close out the month. I'm keeping an eye on that. Could have a shot there for one.

The last frozen for winter 26-27?

Kevin I can't wait for less humidity I am over it while not our hottest summer It sure feels like one of our most humid!!

Shocker, warned storm missing DIT to the NE; might head this way. Is it severe for hail?

1.26" rain in just 24 min as well.

Rich continue to get richer .. poor poorer

Nice NW to SE cell just pounced here in Monson, and provided the coup de gras to an already damaged sun umbrella that shielded the table on the deck Gust front, crack of thunder and 10 minute downpour-- now the sun's back out.

i’m aware. It was a jab at people who downplay heatwaves when they say “it’s called summer, it’s supposed to be hot.”

What model is this? Attached is main NHC model suite for intensity, and it looks reasonable given the environment. Regarding the environment, speculation for capping of intensity can be minimized b/c satellite tells the story. All the stratocu evident N and W of the TC indicates a stable atmosphere, which is not conducive for much strengthening beyond a minimal hurricane. See VIS image attached. 12z GFS gets it down to 996 mb near the Big Island before it weakens. ECMWF is the same. HAFS-A min is 998 mb and HAFS-B is 988 mb, but only b/c HAFS-B is farther S and doesn't get the circulation tangled w/ the mountains of the Big Island. That may happen b/c overall, there seems to be a S trendfor the track w/ the most recent model consensus.

These outflow gusts are pretty nuts

It was wintry here, excellent thick ice cover on lakes and persistent snowcover. But actual snowfall wasnt impressive - BECAUSE of the cold, many storms tracked south. In fact, Detroit (39.5") received less snow than NYC (43.4") for just the 2nd time the past 20 years. Snow was in the air and on the ground near constantly though, so A+ scenary wise. Despite the slightly below avg snowfall, the winter ranked as "Severe" on the AWSI, a testament to the deep cold and lasting snowpack. It was one of those winters that the public perceived as harsh. My mom (a fellow winter lover) loved how every night looking out at her backyard the snow shimmered like a million diamonds. At NYC, the 43 days of 1"+ snowcover ranked 17th most since 1912. So, 115 years, 16 years had more snowcover and 98 years had less (so much for there always being snow on the ground when old timers were kids ). At Detroit, the 63 days with 1"+ snowcover ranked 28th most since 1908. Moving into this Nino, these are great examples why the snow-lover in me doesnt always want to see a deep blue map. So many moving parts for the coming winter, which is why I follow this thread with such interest. I do expect an overall subpar winter by MI standards, but theres so many different ways that could (or could not) happen.

Sunday looks like the next heavy rain threat

Can't wait for Autumn. These dew points are horrible.

Records: Highs: EWR: 102 (2005) NYC: 99 (2005) LGA: 100 (2005) JFK: 92 (2005) Lows: EWR: 55 (1950) NYC: 55 (1930) LGA: 56 (1979) JFK: 56 (1979) Historical: 1795: A major hurricane only ten days after a previous storm struck North Carolina and produced high winds as far inland as Winston-Salem. At Monticello, near Charlottesville, Thomas Jefferson noted that the loss of soil from the heavy rain thus far that month could be "modestly estimated at a year's rent." (David Ludlum)A "powerful torrent of rain" deluged Petersburg; creeks were at their highest point of the past 70 years.The second hurricane of the year caused flooding in the Virginia and North Carolina area contributing to a very wet summer. (Ref. for Hurricane of 1795) 1831 - The Great Barbados Hurricane was an intense Category 4 hurricane that left cataclysmic damage across the Caribbean and Louisiana in 1831. From August 11 through the 13, Bermudians were amazed to see the sun with a decidedly blue appearance, giving off an eerie blue light when it shone into rooms and other enclosed places. Ships at sea as far west as Cape Hatteras reported that "their white sails appeared a light blue colour." A month later it was learned that the astounding blue sunlight had coincided with a terrible hurricane that caused 1,477 people to lose their lives. It was assumed that the hurricane was intensive enough to cause an unusual disturbance in the higher atmospheric strata, and refraction, diffraction or absorption of light rays, to produce the blue reflection. Because the sun appeared bluish-green, Nat Turner took this as the final signal and began a slave rebellion a week later on August 21. 1913: Indianapolis, IN received 1.30 inches of rain in 15 minutes, 1.98 inches in 30 minutes and 2.68 inches in one hour. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 1919 - High winds and heavy rain struck the Middle Atlantic Coast Region. In New Jersey, winds gusted to 60 mph at Atlantic City, and nine inches of rain fell at Tuckerton. The wind and rain leveled crops and stripped trees of fruit causing several million dollars damage. (David Ludlum) 1935: A severe thunderstorm collapsed the roof of the B&O Hall of Transportation Building in Baltimore, MD which housed the most important collection of railroad models, pictures, exhibits and stock in the world. Many old, fragile locomotives like the Tom Thumb and Thomas Jefferson steam engines escape destruction when the largest locomotives lined up in the center of the building acted to hold up the collapsing roof. The collection would again be damaged by a collapsing roof in 2003 when the snowstorm dumped a record 28.2 inches of snow in four days, including 21.8 inches on February 16th. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 1953: At 10 p.m. on the 13th, Hurricane Barbara struck the North Carolina coast between Morehead City and Ocracoke. The storm then moved north and northeast, before going out to sea just south of Norfolk. Winds reached 63 mph with gusts to 76 mph at Norfolk. Winds at Cape Henry were sustained at 72 mph. (Ref. Hurricanes Late 20century - Hurricane Barbara) 1955: Hurricane Connie dumped 5 to 8 inches of rain on Southeastern Pennsylvania, ending a drought that had been plaguing the area. (Ref. AccWeather Weather History)Boston, Massachusetts area had 25 people killed by Hurricane Connie. (Ref. NOAA Boston Weather Events) 1977: Lightning strike near Indian point, NY triggered massive 24 hour power blackout in NY City. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 1978: Four inches of snow at fell at Salmon, ND. (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) 1980 - The afternoon high at New York City was just 89 degrees. But there were fifteen days of 90 degree heat during the month, their hottest August of record. (The Weather Channel) 1985 - Hail larger than golf balls, driven by 70 mph winds, moved down crops, stripped trees, and broke windows, near Logan KS. Road graders cleared three foot drifts of hail on Kansas Highway 9 east of Logan. (The Weather Channel) 1987 - Thunderstorms deluged the Central Gulf Coast States with torrential rains. Thunderstorms in Mississippi drenched Marion County with up to 15 inches of rain during the morning hours, with 12.2 inches reported at Columbia. Floodwaters swept cars away in the Lakeview subdivision of Columbia when the the Lakeview Dam broke. Flash flooding caused more than three million dollars damage in Marion County. (The National Weather Summary) (Storm Data) 1988 - A dozen cities in the northeastern U.S. reported record high temperatures for the date. Lansing MI reported a record 35 days of 90 degree weather for the year, Detroit MI reported a record 37 days of 90 degree heat for the year, and Williamsport PA reported a record 38 days of 90 degree weather for the year. (The National Weather Summary) 1989 - Thunderstorms developing in a tropical airmass over the northeastern U.S. soaked Connecticut and Massachusetts with four to eight inches of rain over the weekend, between the 11th and 13th of the month. Hartford CT received 7.70 inches of rain. (The National Weather Summary) (Storm Data) 1991 - Stockton, California received 0.05 inch of rainfall on this day. Since 1949, this is the only measured rainfall in Stockton on August 13th. 1995: Chicago, IL was in the midst of a four day heat wave where temperatures climbed into the middle 90s and lows were in the mid to upper 70s. The low temperature of 77° on this date tied for the record high minimum. Humidity was high and 27 deaths were attributed to the heat wave. The majority was in the Chicago area. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 2004: Hurricane Charley unexpectedly underwent rapid strengthening, jumping from a Category 2 to a powerful Category 4 storm in a few hours, while at the same time taking a sharp turn to the northeast. Charley made landfall as a Category 4 hurricane near Punta Gorda, Florida. Although the storm caused serious damage, much of this was limited to a narrow swath associated with the hurricane's eye wall. Charley was a very fast-moving, compact storm, and so much of its damage was attributed to high winds rather than heavy rain. Charley remained a hurricane across the entire Florida peninsula and passed through Orlando and near Daytona Beach. (Ref. More Information on Hurricane Charley) 2014 - An official, New York State 24 hour precipitation record was set at Islip, NY on August 12-13 when 13.57" of rain fell. 2014: In the New York City metro area early (Wednesday August 13, 2014) more than a foot of rain fell in just a few hours, causing extensive flooding on Long Island. As of 10 a.m. ET, Islip, New York had received 13.27 inches of rain, which set a state record for the heaviest 24-hour rainfall total in state history. This broke the previous record of 11.6 inches, set at Tannersville, New York in August of 2011 during Hurricane Irene. NY state record for the heaviest 24-hour rainfall(Ref.BY ANDREW FREEDMAN) Midwest and Mid-Atlantic Flooding: August 11-13. Five inches of rain in 24 hours inundated Detroit, Michigan, submerging cars up to their roofs, in one of the city's worst flooding episodes on record. Flooding also hit the Baltimore, Maryland, and Washington, D.C., areas, and Islip, Long Island, New York, measured 13.26 inches in 24 hours, setting a new state record. Economic costs exceeded $2 billion.Ref. (Weatherwise MAY-JUNE 2015, page 14)

Just touched 90 here

Heavy phil on the trees here in South Portland. 70mph gust at PWM.

Yeah it is a weird one.

That storm broke summers back in Portland. 75F to 55 in minutes with a 69mph gust. Got a pretty good video looking out toward the jetport of that dowburst.

My latest favorite weather app is EverythingWeather, which pulls all data directly from NWS (since they don't have an app). It even pulls space weather from SWPC.