Global Average Temperature 2025

[LibertyBell]

2 hours ago, Typhoon Tip said:

The sun needs another half billion years of life and that'll do it.   Lol   Old Sol is a mid aged star... over the next billion years it will increase in luminosity by almost 10%.  Then it will begin fusing helium, and start expanding... It'll burn helium for another couple of billion years but then it will begin to expand so vast that it will first engulf the orbit of Mercury,  Venus some hundreds of million years later, to probably knock on Earth's doorstep.  It will be a cooler red giant by that time, but ... "cooler" is a relative term.  Earth will be a cinder. Glowing in a lifeless infrared thermal radiance.  And, as the expulsion by the giant phase start sas it will impose a lot or orbital drag; Earth's could decay and end up inside the envelope of the sun's our layers.   The end.   

We really are approaching the late innings of this planets nurturing life potential.   Demarcated as the "Goldie Locks Zone" ... it's the orbital distance that is ideal for liquid water, and a planet's only magnetic field protecting it from harsh radiation from space ...et al, allowing all that is under the sun and our history, including Trump, to have ever existed ...  LOL. But, the hell on Earth he brings - or is trying to - will get here without him, given enough time.  When that GLZ migrates out and leaves Earth behind, we'll convert the oceans to WV and that'll put us in a Venus predicament.  Some models have Earth like Venus in a couple billion years.   

But, folks need to be aware that within a single life time or two, none of that matters. The "ecological domino collapse" scenario is not just plausible, due to rate of climate change surpassing biological adaptation rates.  

In fact, that can happen while the Earth is still technically capable of supporting complex life, including humans.   The codependents is more than a first order derivatives.  There are transitive/non-linear stresses that are 2ndary and tertiary ...  these are the dominoes.   And they are indirectly still needing the total vitality of interrelated health of each input into the system.  This can all happen quite swiftly... leaving a period when the Earth could still have breathable air, albeit warmer, with oceans still lapping at shores ... barren otherwise.  Life in the ocean is not unaffected by all this.  Deep ocean perhaps would survive the CC attribution death waves...

the other thing is, there's also ecological collapse going on because of the chemicals we use-- they are just as horrible as climate change is and humanity has started a new mass extinction event even without climate change.

[LibertyBell]

2 hours ago, Typhoon Tip said:

The sun needs another half billion years of life and that'll do it.   Lol   Old Sol is a mid aged star... over the next billion years it will increase in luminosity by almost 10%.  Then it will begin fusing helium, and start expanding... It'll burn helium for another couple of billion years but then it will begin to expand so vast that it will first engulf the orbit of Mercury,  Venus some hundreds of million years later, to probably knock on Earth's doorstep.  It will be a cooler red giant by that time, but ... "cooler" is a relative term.  Earth will be a cinder. Glowing in a lifeless infrared thermal radiance.  And, as the expulsion by the giant phase start sas it will impose a lot or orbital drag; Earth's could decay and end up inside the envelope of the sun's our layers.   The end.   

We really are approaching the late innings of this planets nurturing life potential.   Demarcated as the "Goldie Locks Zone" ... it's the orbital distance that is ideal for liquid water, and a planet's only magnetic field protecting it from harsh radiation from space ...et al, allowing all that is under the sun and our history, including Trump, to have ever existed ...  LOL. But, the hell on Earth he brings - or is trying to - will get here without him, given enough time.  When that GLZ migrates out and leaves Earth behind, we'll convert the oceans to WV and that'll put us in a Venus predicament.  Some models have Earth like Venus in a couple billion years.   

But, folks need to be aware that within a single life time or two, none of that matters. The "ecological domino collapse" scenario is not just plausible, due to rate of climate change surpassing biological adaptation rates.  

In fact, that can happen while the Earth is still technically capable of supporting complex life, including humans.   The codependents is more than a first order derivatives.  There are transitive/non-linear stresses that are 2ndary and tertiary ...  these are the dominoes.   And they are indirectly still needing the total vitality of interrelated health of each input into the system.  This can all happen quite swiftly... leaving a period when the Earth could still have breathable air, albeit warmer, with oceans still lapping at shores ... barren otherwise.  Life in the ocean is not unaffected by all this.  Deep ocean perhaps would survive the CC attribution death waves...

By the way, did you know a 9th planet the size of Neptune might have been discovered?

[Typhoon Tip]

20 hours ago, Typhoon Tip said:

"... The "ecological domino collapse" scenario is not just plausible, due to rate of climate change surpassing biological adaptation rates.  

...in fact, that can happen while the Earth is still technically capable of supporting complex life, including humans.   The codependents is more than a first order derivatives.  There are transitive/non-linear stresses that take down 2ndary and tertiary ... n degrees of separation life.  These are the dominoes.  Such that they were indirectly still needing the total vitality of interrelated health of each input into the system- entirely intuitive. ...

This can all happen quite swiftly... leaving a period when the Earth could still have breathable air, albeit warmer, with oceans still lapping at shores ... barren otherwise.  Life in the ocean is not unaffected by all this.  Deep ocean perhaps would survive the CC attribution death waves..."

Example...

https://phys.org/news/2025-05-year-mountain-wont-fast-climate.html

[Typhoon Tip]

23 hours ago, LibertyBell said:

By the way, did you know a 9th planet the size of Neptune might have been discovered?

Yeah... not directly observed, but they've narrowed the 'candidate regions' where to look, substantially.  Reads like "point your cameras there cause it can't be anywhere else" I suppose an extensive process of elimination effort, winnowing down candidate locations.

What I find peculiar is that we've evolved tech like JW satellite, capable of seeing details so vastly far off that we are on the verge of blowing up the going notion of the cosmic age and scale.  Yet, we cannot see a 9th planet in orbit around an ordinary star like our yellow dwarf.   Hmm.   There are challenges, of course... But, those challenges are so insignificant when compared to now challenging the very construct of god, like seeing objects that argue the onset of time and space itself ( ). It just sorta seems any such 9th planet really is ... not actually challenging, then. 

Yet it remains so elusive.   The thing is ...what they can see, empirically, is/are too evidentiary to explain otherwise.  Telltale signs so coherent of its gravity source to believe it doesn't exist - its enough to all but say something has to be there.  And, that something was/is sufficiently capable of ordering the random flotsam into the distribution they are seeing .. In the neighborhood of 3 to 9 Earth masses ( I think I most recently read).   

Until they see the planet, however, some how, some way ... this is perpetually in a state of "...might have been discovered" imho.  We still need to change that expression to has been discovered. 

... when/if they do directly observe the planet, I want it named after whatever ancient Latin word means "redheaded stepchild" ..do to it's being so ostracized and neglected out to the margins; it's Gaia so tormented it always thought no one loved it and it eternally suffered persecution in ever being a part of this solar system ... 

Which makes me wonder. Maybe it left.  It's a run-away, and say ... what they can/are observing of the present day distribution( argument above), is now just a relic of its influence from antiquity.  This planet may have been on a very expensive parabolic orbit.  Similar to the demoted Pluto, not on the same plain necessarily as the inner family, but perhaps much more elliptical.  This would increase the possibility that a rogue star, many eons ago, may have passed by the sun outer most tentacles, doing so close enough that when the hypothetical planet 9 was out around the aphelion the interloping sun nabbed it. Orbital capture.  Hell, maybe it was Scholz’s Star, a discovered red dwarf that passed by 70,000 years ago... 

In other words, ...stolen.  Either by it or some other star a billion years ago ...etc.

Heh, that'd be a fun sci-fi novel. The stolen planet was an Earth analog, ... frozen and in stasis, waiting for its chance to seek revenge on the favored siblings - in keeping with the redheaded thing.. ha.  And the new orbital insert post kidnapping and adoption, placed it into the warm, loving, Goldie Lock Zone nurturing embrace of the new evil start ...where life, "cosmically resentful" evolved out of a vengeful Gaia Chakra, thus was an inherently dark intelligence.   Peering out at the Galaxy via their own "JW", they were doing so as a desperate species - on the brink of their own Fermian explanation ... And so they found us, thinking a nice alternative for a fresh start.  hahaha  nice. 

 

[LibertyBell]

53 minutes ago, Typhoon Tip said:

Yeah... not directly observed, but they've narrowed the 'candidate regions' where to look, substantially.  Reads like "point your cameras there cause it can't be anywhere else" I suppose an extensive process of elimination effort, winnowing down candidate locations.

What I fing peculiar is that we've evolved tech like JW satellite/technology, capable of seeing details so vastly far off that we are on the verge of blowing up the going notion of the cosmic age and scale.  Yet, we cannot see a 9th planet in orbit around an ordinary star like our yellow dwarf.   Hmm.   There are challenges, of course... But, those challenges are so insignificant when compared to now challenging the very construct of god, like seeing objects that argue the onset of time and space itself ( ). It just sorta seems any such 9th planet really is ... not actually challenging, then. 

Yet it remains so elusive.   The thing is ...what they can see, empirically, is/are too evidentiary to explain otherwise.  Telltale signs so coherent of its gravity source to believe it doesn't exist - its enough to all but say something has to be there.  And, that something was/is sufficiently capable of ordering the random flotsam into the distribution they are seeing .. In the neighborhood of 3 to 9 Earth masses ( I think I most recently read).   

Until they see the planet, however, some how, some way ... this is perpetually in a state of "...might have been discovered" imho.  We still need to change that expression to has been discovered. 

... when/if they do directly observe the planet, I want it named after whatever ancient Latin word means "redheaded stepchild" ..do to it's being so ostracized and neglected out to the margins; it's Gaia so tormented it always thought no one loved it and it eternally suffered persecution in ever being a part of this solar system ... 

Which makes me wonder. Maybe it left.  It's a run-away, and say ... what they can/are observing of the present day distribution( argument above), is now just a relic of its influence from antiquity.  This planet may have been on a very expensive parabolic orbit.  Similar to the demoted Pluto, not on the same plain necessarily as the inner family, but perhaps much more elliptical.  This would increase the possibility that a rogue star, many eons ago, may have passed by the sun outer most tentacles, doing so close enough that when the hypothetical planet 9 was out around the aphelion.  Too close. Orbital capture.  Hell, maybe it was Scholz’s Star, a discovered red dwarf that passed by 70,000 years ago... 

In other words, ...stolen. 

Heh, that'd be a fun sci-fi novel. The stolen planet was an Earth analog, ... frozen and in stasis, waiting for its chance to seek revenge on the favored siblings - in keeping with the redheaded thing.. ha.  And the new orbital insert post kidnapping and adoption, placed into the warm, loving, Goldie Lock Zone of the new evil start ...where life, "cosmically resentful" evolved out of a vengeful Gaia Chakra, and evolved to come back and get back at us!   hahaha  nice. 

 

It sounds like Nibiru lol

You should read the Isaac Asimov novel Nemesis.

It's about an earth analog planet beyond Neptune that causes periodic mass extinctions on earth every 26 millions years because of its elongated orbit disturbing the Oort Comet cloud and causing a swarm of comets to head towards the inner solar system periodically.

About the space and time thing, what we've seen seems (to me) to more proof of a *universe before the universe* in other words a cyclic universe with remnants left over from a previous cycle.

We may also have found evidence of algae on an oceanic exoplanet that's about 124 light years away, our cosmic backyard.

 

 

[Typhoon Tip]

1 hour ago, LibertyBell said:

It sounds like Nibiru lol

You should read the Isaac Asimov novel Nemesis.

It's about an earth analog planet beyond Neptune that causes periodic mass extinctions on earth every 26 millions years because of its elongated orbit disturbing the Oort Comet cloud and causing a swarm of comets to head towards the inner solar system periodically.

About the space and time thing, what we've seen seems (to me) to more proof of a *universe before the universe* in other words a cyclic universe with remnants left over from a previous cycle.

We may also have found evidence of algae on an oceanic exoplanet that's about 124 light years away, our cosmic backyard.

 

 

oh there's billions of planets with microbial life.

the paramount question ...well, actually the paramount question is getting that proven. but i guess the penultimate question is whether there's life that contains sentience and capacitance comparable to ours - hopefully "better" in terms of collective morality and virtuosity ...but that's something else. LOL

anyway, back to the cosmic JW discrepancy stuff:   i don't dismiss theses notions entirely.  open minded.  but i have an 'accordion' hypothesis about the cosmos, that doesn't require portals, and parallels,  ... bleeding previous dimensions into our space and the like.     basically it goes like, our region of space ( out to perhaps 13 billion or so light years) is expanding ... the last 8 or so billion years of which has been expanding faster than light speed.  that creates an 'optic event horizon' ...where that speed exceeds light, and so the light that is beyond will never be detectable for distances > than that 13 or so billion.  but out there beyond is a deformation where space is nearly not expanding or contracting, demarcating a cosmic region where it is contracting - which may or may not be the same size as this expanding area we are a part.   this goes on interminably...with zones of contraction and expanding, like an infinite honeycomb.. and yes, areas of contraction may shrink until some point where they start expanding, but so do expanding areas ... slow and eventually reverse... These cycles take longer than the 13 billion years we can see - so we have no record.   

this is sort of like looking at the top of a slowly boiling fluid - only space is doing the same thing at god like scales of distance. The expanding region from this hypothetical vantage point are like 'upwelling' ...and you can see between the upwelling regions, you have convergence - space may in fact be flowing like convection if you were to rotate our perspective somehow by 90 deg. 

 

[LibertyBell]

27 minutes ago, Typhoon Tip said:

oh there's billions of planets with microbial life.

the paramount question ...well, actually the paramount question is getting that proven. but i guess the penultimate question is whether there's life that contains sentience and capacitance comparable to ours - hopefully "better" in terms of collective morality and virtuosity ...but that's something else. LOL

anyway, back to the cosmic JW discrepancy stuff:   i don't dismiss theses notions entirely.  open minded.  but i have an 'accordion' hypothesis about the cosmos, that doesn't require portals, and parallels,  ... bleeding previous dimensions into our space and the like.     basically it goes like, our region of space ( out to perhaps 13 billion or so light years) is expanding ... the last 8 or so billion years of which has been faster than light speed.  that creates an 'optic event horizon' ...where the speed exceed light and so the light that is there, will never be detectable at distances > than that 13 or so billion.  but out there beyond is a deformation where space is nearly not expanding or contracting, demarcating a cosmic region where it is contracting - which may or may not be the same size as this expanding area we are a part.   this goes on interminably...with zones of contraction and expanding, like an infinite honeycomb.. and yes, areas of contraction may shrink until some point where they start expanding, but so do expanding areas ... slow and eventually reverse... These cycles take longer than the 13 billion years we can see - so we have no record.   

this is sort of like looking at the top of a slowly boiling fluid - only space is doing the same thing at god like scales of distance. The expanding region from this hypothetical vantage point are like 'upwelling' ...and you can see between the upwelling regions, you have convergence - space may in fact be flowing like convection if you were to rotate our perspective somehow by 90 deg. 

 

I like this idea (Dark Flow), it actually fits into the cyclic cosmology model I agree with (Steinhardt, Ilyas), which has parts of the universe expanding while others contract and vice versa.  Effectively, these separate areas become their own universes.  In the paper I read the analogy was a ball with kinetic energy rolling up a hill, as it rolls up that hill the kinetic energy gets converted to potential energy.  Once at the top of the hill, all the kinetic energy has now been converted to potential energy and it briefly pauses there and then starts to roll downhill with the potential energy being converted back to kinetic energy.  This is the cyclic model of the universe, with many peaks and valleys.  Each big bang or big bounce happens when the universe reaches a valley and not all of the potential energy has been converted back to kinetic energy and the universe starts to make the same uphill climb again.  In their paper they stated that in their mathematical model each cycle creates a larger universe than the previous one (a smaller cosmological constant would be the reason why) and eventually the cycle will become so large that the universe will no longer contract (you can call this *heat death* but it's also possible that a tiny part of this *dying* universe will create a new Big Bang (perhaps inside a spinning Kerr black hole with a ring singularity) and with the cosmic *dna* of the parent universe will inherit many of the qualities of the parent universe.

 

The size of this cycle has been set at 1 trillion years and we may have just found evidence that dark energy is in the process of reversing and that the universe may be on the cusp of slowing down expansion (according to this contraction will start in approximately 65 million years, a very interesting number.)

 

New evidence that dark energy is evolving

Dark energy, the mysterious force thought to make up some 70% of the universe, is considered by many scientists to be an unchanging cosmological constant. But a new data release from the groundbreaking Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument hints that may not be the case. The researchers said yesterday that new measurements of some 15 million galaxies and quasars suggest dark energy in the universe is getting weaker.

https://earthsky.org/space/desi-new-data-hints-dark-energy-in-the-universe-is-evolving/?mc_cid=29fc67825e&mc_eid=f195ba0afd

https://noirlab.edu/public/news/noirlab2513/

A new data release hints dark energy may be weakening

On March 19, 2025, scientists announced the results of a new analysis using the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), mounted on the Nicholas U. Mayall 4-meter Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. With the first three years of data involving some 15 million galaxies and quasars, they’ve found hints that dark energy changes over time. Dark energy, which makes up some 70% of the universe, is a mysterious force that drives the accelerating expansion of our universe.

DESI helped create the largest yet 3D map of our universe. With this map, scientists could see how dark energy has influenced our universe over the past 11 billion years. And indeed, what they found was that this influence has not been a cosmological constant, but it has changed over time.

The DESI collaboration published their peer-reviewed findings on March 19, 2025, in multiple papers that you can read on the DESI collaboration website. In addition, the scientists also presented their findings at the American Physical Society’s Global Physics Summit in Anaheim, California.

2025 EarthSky lunar calendar is available now. A unique and beautiful poster-sized calendar with phases of the moon for every night of the year. Get yours today!
Dark energy may be weakening over time

The findings draw upon the data from DESI and earlier studies of the cosmic microwave background, supernovas and weak lensing. The press release said:

    Taken alone, DESI’s data are consistent with our standard model of the universe: Lambda CDM, where CDM is cold dark matter and lambda represents the simplest case of dark energy, where it acts as a cosmological constant. However, when paired with other measurements, there are mounting indications that the impact of dark energy may be weakening over time and that other models may be a better fit.

In order for scientists to declare a discovery, however, their findings should reach a 5-sigma level. This is the gold standard for the threshold of discovery. At the moment, the analysis of the new data is around 2.8 to 4.2 sigma.

An animation of the largest 3D map of our universe. It traces the location of matter, with Earth at the center and the darker blues denoting the most distant objects. Animation via DESI Collaboration/ DOE/ KPNO/ NOIRLab/ NSF/ AURA/ R. Proctor.
DESI data available to the public

DESI can look at 5,000 galaxies at one time, overall. Additionally, it tracks the influence of dark energy by noting where matter exists across our universe. There are patterns left behind from the early universe known as Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO). The patterns in these oscillations provide scientists with a ruler. And the ruler allows scientists to measure the peaks in the oscillating waves and how much they get stretched over time.

Michael Levi, DESI director and a scientist at Berkeley Lab, said:

    Whatever the nature of dark energy is, it will shape the future of our universe. It’s pretty remarkable that we can look up at the sky with our telescopes and try to answer one of the biggest questions that humanity has ever asked.

The datasets are now available to astronomers and the public alike. Overall, this wealth of data has information on 18.7 million objects. That’s about 4 million stars, 13.1 million galaxies and 1.6 million quasars, specifically. Eventually, DESI will provide us with precise distances to millions of galaxies.

Chris Davis, NSF program director for NSF NOIRLab, said:

    These are remarkable results from an incredibly successful project. The potent combination of the National Science Foundation’s Mayall Telescope and Department of Engery’s Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument shows the benefits of federal agencies working together on fundamental science that improves our understanding of the universe.

Bottom line: A new data release from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument hints that the universe’s dark energy is not constant and may be weakening over time.

Source: DESI DR2 Results II: Measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and Cosmological Constraints

https://data.desi.lbl.gov/public/papers/y3/KP.DR2.BAO.pdf

https://noirlab.edu/public/news/noirlab2513/

Latest Dark Energy Survey Data Suggest Possible Variations in Dark Energy Over Time
DES spots potential inconsistencies in the standard model of cosmology, supporting a theory of evolving dark energy that could alter the foundations of physics

19 March 2025
Víctor M. Blanco 4-meter Telescope

A groundbreaking new study using the Dark Energy Survey (DES) final datasets suggests potential inconsistencies in the standard cosmological model, known as ΛCDM. If confirmed, these findings could fundamentally alter our understanding of the Universe. DES was conducted using the 570-megapixel Department of Energy-fabricated Dark Energy Camera (DECam), mounted on the U.S. National Science Foundation Víctor M. Blanco 4-meter Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile, a Program of NSF NOIRLab.

The ΛCDM (Lambda-CDM) model has been the foundation of modern cosmology for some time now, successfully describing large-scale structures in the Universe. It proposes that 95% of the cosmos is composed of dark matter (25%) and dark energy (70%) — mysterious substances whose nature remains unknown. Only 5% of the Universe consists of ordinary matter.

Dark energy, represented by the cosmological constant (Λ), is thought to drive the accelerating expansion of the Universe, maintaining a constant energy density over time. However, new results from the Dark Energy Survey (DES), presented today in a paper appearing on arXiv and in talks at the American Physical Society’s Global Physics Summit in Anaheim, California, hint at a deviation from this assumption, suggesting that dark energy might evolve over time. These findings align with previous studies, reinforcing their significance.

The DES is an international collaboration comprising more than 400 scientists from over 25 institutions, led by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The DES was conducted using the 570-megapixel Department of Energy-fabricated Dark Energy Camera (DECam), mounted on the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Víctor M. Blanco 4-meter Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) in Chile, a Program of NSF NOIRLab. By taking data on 758 nights across six years, DES scientists mapped an area almost one-eighth of the entire sky. The project employs multiple observational techniques, including supernova measurements, galaxy clustering analysis, and weak gravitational lensing, to study dark energy.

Two key DES measurements — Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) and distance measurements of exploding stars (Type Ia supernovae) — track the Universe’s expansion history. BAO refers to a standard cosmic ruler formed by sound waves in the early Universe, with peaks spanning approximately 500 million light-years. Astronomers can measure these peaks across several periods of cosmic history to see how dark energy has stretched the scale over time.

Santiago Avila from the Centre for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research (CIEMAT) in Spain, who was responsible for the BAO analysis in DES, says, “By analyzing 16 million galaxies, DES found that the measured BAO scale is actually 4% smaller than predicted by ΛCDM.”

Type Ia supernovae serve as 'standard candles', meaning they have a known intrinsic brightness. Therefore, their apparent brightness, combined with information about their host galaxies, allows scientists to make precise distance calculations. In 2024 DES published the most extensive and detailed supernova dataset to date, providing highly accurate measurements of cosmic distances. These new findings from the combined supernovae and BAO data independently confirm the anomalies seen in the 2024 supernova data.

By integrating DES measurements with cosmic microwave background data, researchers inferred the properties of dark energy — and the results suggest a time-evolving nature. If validated, this would imply that dark energy, the cosmological constant, is not constant after all, but a dynamic phenomenon requiring a new theoretical framework.

“This result is intriguing because it hints at physics beyond the standard model of cosmology,” says Juan Mena-Fernández of the Subatomic Physics and Cosmology Laboratory in Grenoble, France. “If further data support these findings, we may be on the brink of a scientific revolution.”

Although the current results are not yet definitive, upcoming analyses incorporating additional DES probes — such as galaxy clustering and weak lensing — could strengthen the evidence. Similar trends have emerged from other major cosmological projects, including the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), raising anticipation within the scientific community [1].

“These results represent years of collaborative effort to extract cosmological insights from DES data,” says Jessie Muir of the University of Cincinnati. “There is still much to learn, and it will be exciting to see how our understanding evolves as new measurements become available.”

The final DES analysis, expected later this year, will incorporate additional cosmological probes to cross-check findings and refine constraints on dark energy. The scientific community eagerly awaits these results, as they could pave the way for a paradigm shift in cosmology.
Notes

[1] This press release describes the DESI Collaboration’s analysis of the survey’s first three years of collected data, which also found hints of a time-evolving dark energy.
More information

These results are presented by the DES Collaboration.

NSF NOIRLab, the U.S. National Science Foundation center for ground-based optical-infrared astronomy, operates the International Gemini Observatory (a facility of NSF, NRC–Canada, ANID–Chile, MCTIC–Brazil, MINCyT–Argentina, and KASI–Republic of Korea), NSF Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO), NSF Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO), the Community Science and Data Center (CSDC), and NSF–DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory (in cooperation with DOE’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory). It is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with NSF and is headquartered in Tucson, Arizona. 

The scientific community is honored to have the opportunity to conduct astronomical research on I’oligam Du’ag (Kitt Peak) in Arizona, on Maunakea in Hawai‘i, and on Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachón in Chile. We recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence of I’oligam Du’ag to the Tohono O’odham Nation, and Maunakea to the Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians) community.

Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, Funding Authority for Funding and Projects in Brazil, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development and the Ministry of Science and Technology, the German Research Foundation and the collaborating institutions in the Dark Energy Survey.

Based in part on data acquired at the Anglo-Australian Telescope for the Dark Energy Survey by OzDES. We acknowledge the traditional custodians of the land on which the AAT stands, the Gamilaraay people, and pay our respects to elders past and present.

Fermilab is America’s premier national laboratory for particle physics and accelerator research. A U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, Fermilab is located near Chicago, Illinois, and operated under contract by the Fermi Research Alliance LLC. Visit Fermilab’s website at www.fnal.gov and follow us on Twitter at @Fermilab.

The DOE Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit science.energy.gov.
Links

    Read the paper: Dark Energy Survey: implications for cosmological expansion models from the final DES Baryon Acoustic Oscillation and Supernova data
    Visit the Dark Energy Survey webpage
    Photos of the Víctor M. Blanco 4-meter Telescope
    Videos of the Víctor M. Blanco 4-meter Telescope
    Photos of the Dark Energy Camera
    NOIRLab Stories Blog: Two Cosmological Surveys Strengthen Hints That Standard Model of Cosmology Is Wrong
    Check out other NOIRLab Science Releases

https://noirlab.edu/public/blog/two-cosmological-surveys/

[LibertyBell]

24 minutes ago, Typhoon Tip said:

oh there's billions of planets with microbial life.

the paramount question ...well, actually the paramount question is getting that proven. but i guess the penultimate question is whether there's life that contains sentience and capacitance comparable to ours - hopefully "better" in terms of collective morality and virtuosity ...but that's something else. LOL

anyway, back to the cosmic JW discrepancy stuff:   i don't dismiss theses notions entirely.  open minded.  but i have an 'accordion' hypothesis about the cosmos, that doesn't require portals, and parallels,  ... bleeding previous dimensions into our space and the like.     basically it goes like, our region of space ( out to perhaps 13 billion or so light years) is expanding ... the last 8 or so billion years of which has been faster than light speed.  that creates an 'optic event horizon' ...where the speed exceed light and so the light that is there, will never be detectable at distances > than that 13 or so billion.  but out there beyond is a deformation where space is nearly not expanding or contracting, demarcating a cosmic region where it is contracting - which may or may not be the same size as this expanding area we are a part.   this goes on interminably...with zones of contraction and expanding, like an infinite honeycomb.. and yes, areas of contraction may shrink until some point where they start expanding, but so do expanding areas ... slow and eventually reverse... These cycles take longer than the 13 billion years we can see - so we have no record.   

this is sort of like looking at the top of a slowly boiling fluid - only space is doing the same thing at god like scales of distance. The expanding region from this hypothetical vantage point are like 'upwelling' ...and you can see between the upwelling regions, you have convergence - space may in fact be flowing like convection if you were to rotate our perspective somehow by 90 deg. 

 

Hive intelligence may be more likely (like the intelligence of bees), or if the planet is completely covered in oceans, intelligence on the order of octopus-- a very highly intelligent creature that builds cities and settlements on the sea floor.

https://www.thecut.com/2016/12/octopuses-are-intelligent-aliens.html

 

https://www.sherryduquet.com/otto-the-octopus/

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96476905

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3328480/Otto-the-octopus-wrecks-havoc.html
 

https://curiosity.com/topics/captive-octopuses-need-intellectual-stimulation-or-else-they-get-bored-curiosity/

 

 

 

[csnavywx]

On 5/6/2025 at 11:56 AM, Typhoon Tip said:

The sun needs another half billion years of life and that'll do it.   Lol   Old Sol is a mid aged star... over the next billion years it will increase in luminosity by almost 10%.  Then it will begin fusing helium, and start expanding... It'll burn helium for another couple of billion years but then it will begin to expand so vast that it will first engulf the orbit of Mercury,  Venus some hundreds of million years later, to probably knock on Earth's doorstep.  It will be a cooler red giant by that time, but ... "cooler" is a relative term.  Earth will be a cinder. Glowing in a lifeless infrared thermal radiance.  And, as the expulsion by the giant phase start sas it will impose a lot or orbital drag; Earth's could decay and end up inside the envelope of the sun's our layers.   The end.   

We really are approaching the late innings of this planets nurturing life potential.   Demarcated as the "Goldie Locks Zone" ... it's the orbital distance that is ideal for liquid water, and a planet's only magnetic field protecting it from harsh radiation from space ...et al, allowing all that is under the sun and our history, including Trump, to have ever existed ...  LOL. But, the hell on Earth he brings - or is trying to - will get here without him, given enough time.  When that GLZ migrates out and leaves Earth behind, we'll convert the oceans to WV and that'll put us in a Venus predicament.  Some models have Earth like Venus in a couple billion years.   

But, folks need to be aware that within a single life time or two, none of that matters. The "ecological domino collapse" scenario is not just plausible, due to rate of climate change surpassing biological adaptation rates.  

In fact, that can happen while the Earth is still technically capable of supporting complex life, including humans.   The codependents is more than a first order derivatives.  There are transitive/non-linear stresses that take down 2ndary and tertiary ... n degrees of separation life.  These are the dominoes.  Such that they were indirectly still needing the total vitality of interrelated health of each input into the system- entirely intuitive.   This can all happen quite swiftly... leaving a period when the Earth could still have breathable air, albeit warmer, with oceans still lapping at shores ... barren otherwise.  Life in the ocean is not unaffected by all this.  Deep ocean perhaps would survive the CC attribution death waves...

This can all happen quite swiftly... leaving a period when the Earth could still have breathable air, albeit warmer, with oceans still lapping at shores ... barren otherwise.  Life in the ocean is not unaffected by all this.  Deep ocean perhaps would survive the CC attribution death waves...

 

On geologic timeframes, I agree we're in the last act. It's no longer even possible to get a snowball scenario now, insolation is already too high. The drawdown in GHGs over the last ~300-500Mya has mostly neatly offset the increase in insolation over time but that parameter space is now limited on the downside. I would venture a guess that current continental drift resulting in another supercontinent+2-3% insolation puts temps well above Eocene levels and ends the golden age of habitability. 

In either the short or long run, if you pancake the ETP temp gradient with either GHGs or insolation, you kill off most marine life during the transition. If it happens quickly enough, then you can end up with Canfield oceans -- which I would describe as a weird form of undeath (purple water and green atmosphere from euxinic conditions). In the very short run, we're extremely close (450ppm) to tipping over in the Southern Ocean with regards to ocean acidification causing widespread aragonite undersaturation, what I would consider the first step in that process.

[chubbs]

On 5/5/2025 at 10:16 PM, LongBeachSurfFreak said:

This is a stretch for this particular topic but this is the climate change thread.
Personally I’m now hopeful fusion will solve the CO2 crisis. The only thing stopping us from removing CO2 back down to pre industrial levels is a lack of energy. CO2 removal (pumping into the ground being the most effective method) requires a ridiculous amount of energy. With fusion tech and the resulting near limitless energy it’s entirely feasible. AI will likely fast track fusion viability. So a glimmer of light at the end of the tunnel. 

Fusion could easily solve the climate crisis, the giant fusion reactor in the sky. Human power is roughly 1/100,000 of the energy available from the sun. Unfortunately China is getting close to the solar and battery finish line and we're not aware of the race.