GaWx

The official Key West buoy itself has been showing SSTs in low 90s for many days with ~2F diurnal range. Low 90s SSTs jibe well with recent Key West mean air temps just under 90 since the sea is often slightly warmer. The Key West air temp low this morning was only down to 87, which if it holds up til midnight would tie the record high low for any day back to 1873! https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/stationhome.html?id=8724580 The buoy with ~97 SSTs the last few days is not that close to Key West. It is actually Johnson Key, which is 65 miles NE of Key West (not near the main Keys Highway 1 strip) and just S of the SW tip of the peninsula. The reason they've been so much higher than Key West is the very shallow water of a mere swimming pool type depth of ~5'. Due to this shallowness, the SST diurnal range has been 7+ F. The 97s occurred late afternoons/early evenings just after most of the day's solar heating has done its thing on the very shallow water. What many don't realize is that the AM SST lows have been 89-90 F there. So, the mean SST has been ~93-93.5 F, which is pretty close to Key West's mean SST of ~92. So, I do believe the 97 SST readings there have likely been pretty close to reality and thus most likely it isn't a "bad" station per se. However, it is admittedly deceptive due to being so shallow and having such a wide diurnal range: https://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.php?station=jkyf1 ------------------- *Edit: The 87 at Key West land station held on as the low for July 12th, which ties the record high low for any date back to 1873! Also, the mean temp of 90.5 turns out to be the hottest mean of any day back to 1873! The old record was 90.0, which was set on 8/4/2007. Marathon land station tied its alltime hottest mean of any on record, 92.0. The only other day on record with a mean this hot was 6/8/2019. This was the 32nd day this year and 8th day this month to date that Marathon beat or tied the daily record warm mean! Records go back to 1950.

There's still so signal for a strong MJO amplitude for 2+ weeks per GEFS/EPS and other non-CFS models. Also, the CFS, the only model with a hint of a possible strong MJO late month, has another slight reduction in its phase 5-6 amp after 2 weeks vs yesterday with amp ~1.75-1.8. Two days ago it was progging low 2s.

Now at 40%/50% for ST or tropical dep or storm. So, only a slight increase over the last 36 hours.

Ring of fire pattern offering some relief for SE US?

It got just about that insanely hot there today, too, (96.3 at 4PM) but the SST sensor suddenly went out. It was rising at the time. Yesterday's 96.8 was at 5PM. The water there is apparently quite shallow as one would expect with it so hot. The diurnal range was 7.3F yesterday and similar today with the wide range due to shallowness.

Maybe from CFS huggers even though the CFS is quite a bit inferior to GEFS/EPS. The CFS remains on its own with a significant MJO amplitude into phases 5 and 6 though not starting for two weeks and actually is slightly weaker vs yesterday's 2+ amp. I'm looking for it to correct further toward weaker amp on future runs: *Edit: keep in mind that CFS goes out further than GEFS/EPS and it's the further out in time and much more unreliable portion that goes well outside the circle. However, neither GEFS nor EPS suggests a strong move into phases 5-6 as of the ends of their runs as of now.

Check this out. Today's GEFS (bc) never gets out of the circle through the end of today's run (7/25). Today's stops moving up the diagram ~7/18 and then turns downward to end up on 7/25 on the circle headed toward phase 3 of all things compared to going outside the circle barely into phase 5 in yesterday's run as of 7/24! So, GEFS is signaling more than normal uncertainty late in the runs with this big change and still suggests no strong MJO being likely anytime soon:

Through July 11th, the July MTD OISST in 3.4 is still averaging only +1.0 with the implied ERSST likely close to only +0.9 to +0.95. These continue to be quite underwhelming when considering the BoM full July progs of +1.8 on the prior run and even the +1.5 of the current run. Major too warm bust coming.

RECORD EVENT REPORT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE KEY WEST FL 0136 AM EDT TUE JUL 11 2023 ...RECORD HIGH TEMPERATURE AND RECORD WARM LOW SET AT MARATHON TODAY... TODAY'S HIGH AT THE FLORIDA KEYS MARATHON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT REACHED 97 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, SETTING A NEW DAILY HIGH TEMPERATURE RECORD. THE PREVIOUS MOST RECENT RECORD WAS 94 DEGREES, SET IN 2020. TODAY'S LOW AT THE FLORIDA KEYS MARATHON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ONLY FELL TO 85 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, SETTING A NEW DAILY WARM LOW TEMPERATURE RECORD. THE PREVIOUS RECORD WAS 84, SET IN 2009. TEMPERATURE RECORDS AT MARATHON DATE BACK TO 1950. ---------------- RECORD EVENT REPORT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE KEY WEST FL 140 AM EDT TUE JUL 11 2023 ..RECORD WARM LOW SET AT KEY WEST YESTERDAY'S LOW TEMPERATURE AT THE KEY WEST INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT WAS 86 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, SETTING A NEW DAILY WARM LOW TEMPERATURE RECORD. THE PREVIOUS RECORD WAS 85, SET IN 2007. TEMPERATURE RECORDS AT KEY WEST DATE BACK TO 1872.

I've noticed that sometimes the EPS is too weak on the right half of the graph and that the higher amp of the GEFS is often closer in these cases. However, even the bc GEFS mean is only barely outside the circle and hardly moving in phase 5. So, I agree there's no model consensus indication of a strong MJO phase for at least two weeks. The only model with something more is the CFS (bc), with a pretty strong (amp >2) move to phases 5 and then 6 very late July into early August. But it's the inferior CFS and it's on its own.

Now it is up to 40% in the latest TWO. Per my recollection of recent years, either the NHC tends to underplay these subtropical lows regarding subtropical or tropical genesis in the TWO percent chances and/or they tend to "over-perform". Thus, considering this, being that about all models for several runs have had a pretty strong low forming within a few days, being that SSTs are near a warm enough 26C, and with pro-met "57" posting at another location going very bullish on ST or TCG, I'm going with a much higher chance than the NHC's 40% chance for a STD or TD to form from this. I think the NHC is playing catch-up as they had no chance within 7 days mentioned as recently as Saturday night.

Nino 3.4 rose 0.1 back to +1.0 as I had expected per OISST in today's weekly release, which is for the average of last week. But OISST has stalled again near +1.0 as of yesterday's daily. And keep in mind that ERSST, which ONI is based on, has recently been running 0.1+ cooler than OISST. Nino 3 and 4 also rose 0.1. But the most warming was in 1+2, which warmed 0.4 to +3.3, the warmest since 1998! The 100W-180W OHC actually fell a little vs the prior week. It had been near +1.35, but fell back to ~+1.20. That just about eliminates any chance for the overall July 3.4 to reach near the most recent BoM's +1.5.

Good luck to you! But even if he turns out to be "right", any one location can obviously still be hit very hard. For example, he didn't say that the one major hurricane that he's forecasting won't hit land as a hurricane, possibly even as a MH. Also, any of the other four other hurricanes he's forecasting could be quite rough somewhere if they make landfall. So, always being prepared for the worst case is wise.

7/9/23 updated tropical seasonal outlook from meteorologist Larry Cosgrove: "Despite what you may have heard, the potential for serious tropical cyclone development is decreasing. Low-latitude westerlies in the Atlantic Basin have still not lifted out, and with each passing day the chance for an extended "window" of favorable heat ridge positioning decreases. Another factor that is influencing the lack of convective production outside of Africa (despite an active ITCZ) is tremendous amounts of Saharan dust, concurrent with very low dewpoints and high temperatures. Warm waters in the Major Development Region do not alter or break the wind patterns associated with extreme warmth of the 1.2 ENSO sector. At some point the giant ridge complex (which will reach its apex in the last week of July), will weaken and some easterlies will set up from western Africa. But we are running out of time for that synoptic event to happen! Because at some point in late August the flow signatures will reset to west/southwest, shearing thunderstorm tops apart. For now I will keep my forecast total of 13 named storms, 5 hurricanes, and one major cyclone intact. But do not be surprised if a revision is announced."

We're 1/4 into July and yet OISST is still only at +1.0, which implies that ERSST (used to determine the ONI and how strong a Nino) based on recent differences is likely only ~+0.9. The latest BoM had reduced July from +1.8 to +1.5. I'm getting close to calling even the +1.5 a bust. It would take a massive warming of ERSST to +2+ the next 3 weeks for +1.5 July ERSST to occur. Looking at OISST 3.4 weekly anomalies for oncoming El Niño since 1982, there are only two 3 week periods that warmed that rapidly: -Sep 1982: warmed 1.1, but SOI was sub -20 Aug/Sep -Mar 2014: warmed 1.4 but SOI was -13 2/21/14-3/21/14 So, the SOI was strongly - in advance and during these two periods. The current 30 day is way up at +3. It does appear to be headed back to modest -SOI next weekend followed by a week+ of -SOI thanks to low Tahiti SLP. However, with Darwin SLP remaining kind of low much of that period, the oncoming -SOI doesn't look strong at this point until perhaps ~7/22. By then, it is probably too late to have much impact for July 3.4 SST anomalies. The OHC is quite warm at ~+1.4, but that's not warm enough to support a +2.0 in 3.4 within 3 weeks. In Sep of 1982, the OHC had warmed from +1.11 two months earlier to way up at +1.86. From 9/6/82 to 9/27/82, 3.4 SSTs warmed from +0.6 to +1.7. In March of 2014, the OHC was way up at +1.60 after a massive warming from only +0.39 the month before. Thus, I see only a very small chance for a rapid warming in 3.4 the rest of this month. So, it looks like another too warm bust for BoM in July.

The new NMME for JAS has decreased precip rather significantly vs the prior run from Cuba through the Bahamas and the SE US/E GOM: Prior run:

The last 7 days ending with July 6th have seen a drop in the Arctic ice area of 1.04 million sq km, which is a pretty hefty 149k/day averaged out. The July 6th level of 6.51 msk is only barely above the 2010s average for July 6th after having been 320k above that average on June 29th. In 2022, only 770k was lost from 6/29 to 7/10 or only 70k/day on average. In contrast, 2023 has already lost 1.04 million since 6/29 with still another four days to get to 7/10.

RONI (Relative ONI) takes into account how warm Nino 3.4 is in relation to the worldwide tropical waters, which are currently very warm. As a result, the RONI of AMJ of 2023 was 0.4 lower than ONI and it was ~0.3 lower in recent trimonths. Wx patterns supposedly correlate better to RONI than to ONI. So, folks maybe should consider subtracting ~0.3 to 0.4 off the expected ONI peak and compare to prior RONI peaks to get a better idea of how this winter may turn out. RONI: https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indices/RONI.ascii.txt There have been two winters on record with ~2.0 RONI peak that were quite cold in the SE, 1957-8 and 1965-6. Also, 1972-3 and 1982-3 both had historic winter storms and they peaked way up at 2.2 to 2.5 per RONI. Right now, my thinking is that a strong ONI peak is most likely with high end moderate and low end super less likely. Subtract a few tenths from that to get the most likely RONI conversion although the ONI/RONI relationship is always changing.

The latest update of CFSR fwiw (for July 5th) shows no change since July 4th with it still at 17.18C. We'll see whether or not this dataset is topping. https://climatereanalyzer.org/clim/t2_daily/

Thank you. Just comparing the CFSR and ERA5 curves shows the very strong correlation between the two. The main difference appears to be that ERA5 has often been ~0.1C cooler, including the last few days. So, CFSR may be warm biased though only slightly (0.1C) assuming ERA5 isn't cool biased. Otherwise, it appears that the daily change of CFSR for a particular date can probably be used as a pretty good proxy for the change that ERA5 later shows for the same date. Thus I agree with your feeling that the daily CFSR still has value since it comes out earlier and thus can be used to predict ERA5 daily moves.

Here's a pro met's Tweet addressing this source that I just was pointed to by an AmericanWx member met. posting at another board. He suggests caution in using it as an accurate source for climate analysis and instead using ERA5 from Copernicus ECMWF as the most trusted source. He says this is based on a 2009 version of the GFS: Any opinions about using ERA5 from Copernicus ECMWF instead of this University of Maine source? How is the global temperature looking on ERA5 compared to this?

And per this same source 7/4/23 just came in at an astounding +17.18C vs the previous record breaker of +17.01C on 7/3/23! The world temperature has risen a whopping 0.43C over just a three day period as it was +16.75C on 7/1/23! The world anomaly has risen 0.42C during the same period assuming this source is accurate: https://climatereanalyzer.org/clim/t2_daily/ Does anyone know how accurate this source is and whether or not it has a known bias? "This page provides time series and map visualizations of daily mean 2-meter air temperature from the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS) version 2 (April 2011 – present) and CFS Reanalysis (January 1979 – March 2011). CFS/CFSR is a numerical climate/weather modeling framework that ingests surface, radiosonde, and satellite observations to estimate the state of the atmosphere at hourly time resolution onward from 1 January 1979. The horizontal gridcell resolution is 0.5°x0.5° (~ 55km at 45°N). Temperature anomalies are in reference to 1979–2000 climatology for each specific day of the year."

No, there's confirmation that he may be drunk. Nino 3 is nowhere near +1.95 (which is what he claimed in that tweet) per three datasets I follow each day. Even warm biased CRW is only at +1.652 as of today. OISST was only at +1.493 yesterday and at very most will be +1.6 when today's is released (comes out later in the day). (The cool biased CDAS is at a mere +1.338.) So, today's range for Nino 3 is +1.65 (and that's based on a dataset that tends to be warm biased) or lower with +1.60 being about the warmest it can realistically be. Thus, I can say for the 2nd time in 4 days that Mario Ramirez is clearly MUCH too warm in Nino 3. For those who didn't see it, Mario claimed Nino 3 was up to +1.75 on July 1st when the warm biased CRW was only +1.559 and OISST was a mere +1.416: So, my current correction factor for Mario Ramirez Nino 3 SSTa based on these two tweets is to subtract 0.3 C from what he claims to give me the high end of where Nino 3 realistically can be that day. *Edit: Today's Nino 3 OISST just came out: only +1.502. Aside: Nino 1+2 is today up to +3.4 on OISST but remains at +3.3 on CRW. Nino 3.4 is modestly warmer today (+0.02 per average) TAO is very slightly warmer today

The AMJ RONI came out to only +0.07 vs the ONI of +0.47.

The June ERSST for 3.4 came out at only 0.81. I say only 0.81 because that compares to the OISST for June calculating out to 0.93. For comparison, the June CDAS was near 0.78. So, ERSST was much closer to CDAS than OISST in June and is one reason I keep track of CDAS as kind of a lower boundary to where ERSST might be. By the way, the May ERSST (0.46) also was lower than the OISST (0.49). The May CDAS was ~0.39, meaning ERSST in this case was closer to OISST than CDAS in May. Monthly ERSST: https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/detrend.nino34.ascii.txt