SACRUS

Records: Highs: EWR: 97 (2015) NYC: 95 (2015) LGA: 94 (1944) JFK: 94 (1978) Lows: EWR: 55 (1979) NYC: 56 (1979) LGA: 58 (1979) JFK: 56 (1979) HIstorical: 1784: Two tornadoes in Southington, CT. "It seems to have been occasioned by the meeting of two heavy clouds, one from the south and the other from the north. The whole storm therefore collected with amazing blackness and centered at the place above mentioned; producing such a scene of desolation, as perhaps the memory of the oldest man cannot recollect to have been produced by a similar cause in New England. (Ref. Connecticut Courant (Hartford), August 24, 1784.) 1885: 130 °F on this date in Amos, CA. It's never been hotter in the U.S. in August. (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) 1899: Hurricane San Ciriaco set many records on its path. Killing nearly 3,500 people in Puerto Rico, it was the deadliest hurricane to hit the island and the strongest at the time, until 30 years later when the island was affected by the Hurricane San Felipe Segundo, a Category 5 hurricane, in 1928. It was also the tenth deadliest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. San Ciriaco is also the longest lasting Atlantic hurricane in recorded history, continuing for 28 days. On August 17, the hurricane turned back to the northwest and made landfall near Hatteras, North Carolina on the following day. San Ciriaco remains the strongest hurricane to make landfall on the Outer Banks since 1899. 1915 - A hurricane hit Galveston, TX, with wind gusts to 120 mph and a twelve foot storm surge. The storm claimed 275 lives, including forty-two on Galveston Island, with most deaths due to drowning. Of 250 homes built outside the seawall (which was constructed after the catastrophic hurricane of 1900), just ten percent were left standing. (The Weather Channel) 1917: Death Valley, California: The day's high temperature registers the 43rd consecutive day with a temperature exceeding 120 °F and the last in the run. The streak began on July 17. (Ref. WxDoctor) 1944: Boston, Massachusetts had its longest heat wave of 8 days from August 10th to the 17th. (Ref. NOAA Boston Weather Events) 1946 - An estimated F-4 tornado killed 11 people and injured 100 others in the Mankato, Minnesota area around 6:52 PM. The deaths and most of the injuries occurred in the complete destruction of the 26 cabins at the Green Gables tourist camp, 3 miles southwest of Mankato. A 27-ton road grader was reportedly hurled about 100 feet. Another tornado an hour later destroys downtown Wells, Minnesota. 1969: The music festival, known as Woodstock, should have ended on this day. Jimi Hendrix, the last act to perform, was delayed due to rain on Sunday evening. Jimi Hendrix took the stage at 8:30 am Monday morning. 1967: The "Sundance Fire" in northern Idaho was started by lightning. Winds of 50 mph carried firebrands as much as 10 miles in advance to ignite new fires, and as a result, the forest fire spread 20 miles across the Selkirk Mountains in just 12 hours, burning 56,000 acres. The heat of the fire produced whirlwinds of flame with winds up to 300 mph which flung giant trees about like matchsticks. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 1969 - Camille, the second worst hurricane in U.S. history, smashed into the Mississippi coast. Winds gusted to 172 mph at Main Pass Block LA, and to 190 mph near Bay Saint Louis MS. The hurricane claimed 256 lives, and caused 1.3 billion dollars damage. Several ocean going ships were carried over seven miles inland by the hurricane. The hurricane produced winds to 200 mph, and a storm surge of 24.6 feet. Complete destruction occurred in some coastal areas near the eye of the hurricane. (David Ludlum) (The Weather Channel) 1979: Record cold occurred from the Deep South to New England. Frost was observed in the mountains of West Virginia. Albany, NY: 40°, Concord, NH: 40°-Tied, Elkins, WV: 41°, Burlington, VT: 42°-Tied, Avoca, PA: 43°, Sterling (Dulles Airport), VA: 44°, Syracuse, NY: 44°, Williamsport, PA: 45°, Hartford, CT: 45°, Atlantic City, NJ: 46°, Allentown, PA: 46°, Rochester, NY: 46°, Roanoke, VA: 48°, Charleston, WV: 48°, Harrisburg, VA: 48°, Philadelphia, PA: 50°, Baltimore, MD: 53°, Charlotte, NC: 55°, Richmond, VA: 56°, NYC (Central Park), NY: 56 °F. (Ref. Many Additional Temperatures Listed On This Link) 1979:5 to 7 inches of rain fell across the North Concho River north of San Angelo, TX causing the River to rise 15 feet. Rising waters nearly swept away several campers. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 1981: 6.89 inches of rain fell at Caribou, Maine for its greatest 24 hour rainfall on record. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 1987 - Evening thunderstorms produced severe weather in the Northern and Central Plains Region. One thunderstorm spawned a tornado near Fairbury NE, along with baseball size hail and wind gusts to 100 mph, causing severe crop damage west of town. Ten cities in the eastern U.S. reported record high temperatures for the date. Syracuse NY hit 97 degrees for the first time in twenty-two years. (The National Weather Summary) (Storm Data) 1988 - Fifty-five cities, from the Middle Mississippi Valley to the Middle Atlantic Coast Region, reported record high temperatures for the date. Beckley WV reported an all-time record high of 96 degrees, and Baltimore MD hit 104 degrees, marking their thirteenth day of the year with 100 degree heat. Chicago IL equalled a record with 46 days of 90 degree weather for the year. Thunderstorms produced severe weather from Wisconsin to New Jersey. Thunderstorms in New Jersey produced high winds which gusted to 92 mph at Wrightstown, and blew down a circus tent at Lavallette injuring fourteen persons. (The National Weather Summary) (Storm Data) 1989 - Morning thunderstorms produced three to six inch rains in Oklahoma, and the Arkalatex area of Arkansas, Texas and Louisiana. Tom OK was soaked with 5.98 inches of rain, and Foreman AR received 5.55 inches. Evening thunderstorms produced high winds in the Wasatch Front of northern Utah. Thunderstorm winds gusted to 66 mph at Salt Lake City, and flash flooding caused up to two million dollars damage to a marina on Lake Powell. (Storm Data) (The National Weather Summary) 1992: The famous Andrew weakened to becomes only a tropical storm. (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) 1994: One of the most memorable severe thunderstorms in recent history struck north-central and central Oklahoma. Central Oklahoma is pounded by severe thunderstorms. Wind gusts to 113 mph were recorded at Meno. At Mangum, the winds gusted to 104 mph and 97 mph at Hobart. 30 mobile homes were destroyed by hail and wind at Okarche. Hailstones measured 4.5 inches in diameter. (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) (Ref. More Information on This Storm) 1994: Today marked the 41st consecutive day with temperatures 90 degrees or hotter in Boise, ID, which is a record for that city up to this date. (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) 1995: Hurricane Felix stalled off the Mid-Atlantic Coast after upper atmosphere winds that had been steering it faded away. An area of high pressure to the west blocked movement farther inland. Another area of high pressure to the east blocked movement back over the Atlantic. Both areas of high pressure were weak and didn't generate strong steering currents. The west-to-east winds that could push Felix away from the U.S. were far to the north. As a result, Felix milled around in the same general area on the 17th and 18th before it began drifting slowly eastward, away from the U.S. on the 19th. (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) 1997: Loudoun County, VA lightning struck a concourse at Washington-Dulles International Airport and injured three airline food service personnel. (Ref. Lightning - Virginia Weather History) 2002: Drought conditions helped big temperature swings: Yesterdays daily record high of 101 degrees was followed by this mornings daily record low of 39 degrees in Rapid City, SD. Similar, NE records of 105 degrees in Alliance and Chadron were followed by today's records of 43 and 41 degrees. (Weather Guide Calendar with Phenomenal Weather Events 2011 Accord Pub. 2010, USA) 2003: Chadron, ME recorded the last of 26 consecutive days with a high temperature of at least 90 degrees, their longest such streak on record. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History)

76 / 70, Partly cloudy, although some paerts of the area have clouds into N/NW NJ. Hottest day out of the next week to 10 days, at least. Low to mid 90s in the hottest areas, ahead of any clouds and scattered showers with the boundary later. Cooler, cloudy Monday and stuck in the 70s unless there is some overnight maxes (midnight/1AM). Onshore barrage this week as Eric passes by out to sea, perhaps some scattered showers/ rain / storms Tue - THu , otherwise mainly dry and near to slightly below normal. Flow comes around to warm up Fridy and next weekend, and with continued drying, the next chance at 90 in the hotter areas. Trough into the east by the 26 with ridge building east by the close of the month and warm overall beyond there. 8/17 : Hottest day for a while 8/18 - 8/21 : Cooler , mainly dry 8/22 - 8/24 : Brief warmup with chance for 90 (Fri/Sat in the hottest areas 8/25 - 8/29: Cooler 8/30 - Beyond : Overall warmer - Wet ridge building back eat

Persistent onshore S/SE wind

Highs: PHL: 90 TTN: 89 TEB: 87 New Brnswck: 87 EWR: 84 LGA: 84 NYC: 84 ACY: 83 ISP: 82 BLM: 82 JFK: 81

Vety popup isolated

Gonna be close - clouds meandering in CNJ but plenty of breaks. made it to 86 here. tomorrow next shot at 90 and then we'll see if next Sat/Sun can get sneaky 90s in the hot areas, enhanced if the week continues dry.

83 / 68 sunny now

The GFS after 4 run cycles lost the tropical storm it had going into the Fl/Southeast in the 8/26 - 8/29 timeframe.

79 / 69 clearing a bit here.

Records: Highs: EWR: 99 (1944) NYC: 95 (2015) LGA: 94 (1944) JFK: 94 (1978) Lows: EWR: 57 (1945) NYC: 56 (1979) LGA: 58 (1979) JFK: 56 (1979) Historical: 1777 - The Battle of Bennington, delayed a day by rain, was fought. The rain delayed British reinforcements, and allowed the Vermont Militia to arrive in time, enabling the Americans to win a victory by defeating two enemy forces, one at a time. (David Ludlum) 1909 - A dry spell began in San Bernardino County of southern California that lasted until the 6th of May in 1912, a stretch of 994 days! Another dry spell, lasting 767 days, then began in October of 1912. (The Weather Channel) 1916 - Altapass, NC, was deluged with 22.22 inches of rain in 24 hours to establish a state record. (The Weather Channel) 1946: St. Louis, MO set its 24 hour rainfall record with a deluge of 8.78 inches on this date through the 16th. (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) 1969: During the early evening, an Air Force Reconnaissance plane investigating Hurricane Camille in the Gulf of Mexico found an unbelievably low central pressure of 905 millibars or 26.72 inches of mercury. This information allowed forecasters to warn residents along the coast that Camille would cause damage of unprecedented proportions. (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) 1974: De Pere, WI -- Lightning struck and killed a youth as he was driving a tractor on a family farm three miles west of De Pere. (Ref. Lightning-The Underrated Killer.pdf) 1978: One foot of snow fell at Yellowstone National Park in northwestern Wyoming. (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) 1980: DCA, first minimum temperature below 70 °F since July 14th a record consecutive number of hot nights. (Ref. Washington Weather Records - KDCA) 1980: Massive flooding was reported in Texas along the Cueces and Frio Rivers. Heavy rainfall from Hurricane Allen pushed rivers to levels to as much as 10 feet above flood stage. (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) 1981: On this date through the 19th, the center of Tropical Storm Dennis moved slowly through the Florida Straits and onto the lower southwest coast the next morning. Dennis then moved northeastward through southern Florida, emerging into the Atlantic between Cape Canaveral and Daytona Beach early on the 18th, taking nearly three days to cross the state. Highest winds occurred mostly in squalls well east of the center. The highest wind gusts reported with Dennis were 55 to 60 mph along the lower southeast coast on the 17th. Two tornadoes were reported in Plantation Key and Haulover Beach as Dennis moved through the Keys and Florida Bay, but no injuries or significant damage resulted. 10 to 20 inches of rain fell south and east of Lake Okeechobee, with amounts of 5 to 10 inches reported along the southeast and east-central coast. West Kendall measured 20.37 inches and amounts of 19 to 20 inches were common through the Homestead/Florida City area. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 1986: Thunderstorms containing devastating winds ripped across sections of eastern South Dakota. Winds gusting to 100 mph uprooted trees and damaged buildings across northern Hanson County. Several farms had all of their barns, silos, garages, and small buildings wiped out from the extreme winds. A powerful thunderstorm rolled across extreme northeast Nebraska and northwest Iowa. Winds were estimated at 70 mph across portions of Dixon and Dakota Counties uprooting numerous trees and damaging homes and power lines. Across the Missouri River in Woodbury County, Sioux City received 60 mph winds causing some power outages and scattered damage across town. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 1987 - Afternoon and evening thunderstorms developing along a cold front produced severe weather from Oklahoma to Wisconsin and Lower Michigan. Thunderstorms in central Illinois produced wind gusts to 80 mph at Springfield which toppled two large beer tents at the state fair injuring 58 persons. Thunderstorms also drenched Chicago IL with 2.90 inches of rain, making August 1987 their wettest month of record. (The National Weather Summary) (Storm Data) 1988 - Thunderstorms developing along a slow moving cold front produced severe weather from North Dakota to Lower Michigan during the day. Nine tornadoes were sighted in North Dakota, and thunderstorms also produced hail three inches in diameter at Lakota ND, and wind gusts to 83 mph at Marais MI. Thirty-seven cities in the northeastern U.S. reported record high temperatures for the date, including Rockford IL with a reading of 104 degrees. (The National Weather Summary) (Storm Data) 1989 - Late afternoon and evening thunderstorms in the Central High Plains Region produced golf ball size hail at La Junta CO, Intercanyon CO, and Custer SD. Afternoon thunderstorms over South Texas drenched Brownsville with 2.60 inches of rain. Fair skies allowed viewing of the late evening full lunar eclipse from the Great Lakes Region to the Northern and Central Plains Region, and across much of the western third of the country. (The National Weather Summary) (Storm Data) 1992 - One of the most destructive United States hurricanes of record started modestly as a tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on August 14. The wave spawned a tropical depression on August 16, which became Tropical Storm Andrew the next day.

79 / 69 some clouds. Partly cloudy mid/upper 80s, maybe with enough sun the hottest areas get to 90 inland. Hotter tomorrow with low - mid 90s in the hottest areas. Onshore E/ENE flow Monday cools it off with Eric riding up offshore and then hooking out to sea. Overall the week looks mainly dry and slightly cooler than normal. Wed / Thu chance of showers and looking cloudy. Warmer by the end of the week and next weekend before the cooler NE flow comes in byTue 26th for a few days. Ridge building east and expanding heat towards the close of the month, with next heat possibility. 8/16-8/17 warm/humid - Hot Sunday 8/18 - 8/21 : Cooler onshore, clouds, mainly dry Erin offshore surfers delight 8/22 - 8/25 : Warmer - perhaps one day the hottes areas could touch 90 with enhanced recent dryness 8/26 - 8/29 : Cooler 8/29 - Beyond : Warmer - hot - wetter - overall

This season only New Brunswick has more 89 Degree Days:New Brnswck: 9TTN: 5TEB: 5BLM: 3EWR: 1NYC: 8ACY 2ISP: 5JFK: 1LGA: 2PHL: 2

NYC with its 8th high of 89 for the season.

Highs: PHL: 94 TEB: 91 EWR: 90 New Brnswck: 89 NYC: 89 TTN: 88 * missing data ISP: 88 LGA: 88 JFK: 85 * no intra hour highs ACY: 84 BLM: 81

Highs: PHL: 94 TEB: 91 EWR: 90 New Brnswck: 89 NYC: 89 TTN: 88 * missing data ISP: 88 LGA: 88 JFK: 85 * no intra hour highs ACY: 84 BLM: 81

83 / 63 east / onshore wind

MMU: -3.1 TTN: -3 through the 14th PHL: -1.5

82 / 65 here.

Aug through two weeks (8/14) EWR: -1.2 NYC: -1.2 LGA: -1.9 JFK: -1.9

Records: Highs: EWR: 99 (1988) NYC: 97 (1988) LGA: 97 (1985) JFK: 98 (1988) Lows: EWR: 54 (1964) NYC: 54 (1964) LGA: 59 (1964) JFK: 57 (1964) Historical: 1787 - Tornadoes were reported in Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. Wethersfield CT was hard hit by the tornado outbreak. (David Ludlum) 1886: This tornado was estimated to be an F3 and moved northeast from 5 miles southwest of Newark, SD through town and into North Dakota. Only three buildings were reportedly undamaged at Newark, and a bartender at a saloon was killed. Three people died in two homes on adjoining farms two miles southwest of town. A saddle from a Newark stable was carried for a half mile. In North Dakota, homes and barns was damaged along the Wild River. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 1946 - Saint Louis, MO, was deluged with a record 8.78 inches of rain in 24 hours. (The Weather Channel) 1950: In 45 years of Hawaiian meteorological records, a hurricane had never affected the islands. On this date, Hurricane Hiki was moving north of the islands. Residents held their breath when the storm turned southwestward. Fortunately, the storm resumed its westward course and missed the islands. The highest wind speed recorded was at Kilauea Lighthouse, Kauai at 68 mph. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 1967 - The sundance fire in northern Idaho was started by lightning. Winds of 50 mph carried firebrands as much as ten miles in advance to ignite new fires, and as a result, the forest fire spread twenty miles across the Selkirk Mountains in just twelve hours, burning 56,000 acres. The heat of the fire produced whirlwinds of flame with winds up to 300 mph which flung giant trees about like matchsticks. (David Ludlum) 1969: Camille became a hurricane south of Cuba and entered the Gulf of Mexico as a major hurricane with winds of 115 mph. (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) 1971: Some of the worst flooding that ever occurred in western north Texas happened on this date. Heavy rain began on the 14th, but the worst of the rain and most of the flooding was on this date. On that day, rainfall amounted 4 to 11 inches. The Wichita River, on the northwest side of Wichita Falls, TX crested at its highest level in 30 years. At least 10 families were forced to evacuate their homes along the river as the waters rapidly rose. The river also rose so high that its swift-flowing waters undercut several streets, causing them to collapse. The official rainfall at the National Weather Service Office in Wichita Falls was 4.52 inches, making this the wettest August day ever observed in the city. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 1977: Lightning struck a cement well covering near Mankato, MN, causing shattered pieces of concrete to be blown over 30 feet, damaging cars. (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) Hurricane Doreen tracked north-northwest along the west coast of Baja California, dissipating over the coastal waters. Areas of southern California received at least two inches of rain with up to 8 inches in the mountains on this date through the 17th. Debris flows and flooding from Henderson Canyon into the Borrego Springs De Anza area damaged 100 homes. Mud flows grew to five feet deep. Flooded roads resulted in desert areas. Four people died and damage was set at $25 million dollars. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 1979: Early season chill across the Midwest and East produced record low temperatures for the date including: International Falls, MN: 33°, Grand Forks, ND: 36°, Madison, WI: 37°, St. Cloud, MN: 39°, Fargo, ND: 43°, La Crosse, WI: 43°, Dubuque, IA: 45°, Peoria, IL: 45°, Indianapolis, IN: 45°, Mansfield, OH: 46°-Tied, Moline, IL: 47°-Tied, Akron, OH: 47°- Tied, Youngstown, OH: 47°-Tied and Cincinnati, OH: 49°. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 1983 - Hurricane Alicia formed on this day and was the costliest tropical cyclone in the Atlantic since Hurricane Agnes in 1972. It struck Galveston and Houston, Texas directly, causing $2.6 billion (1983 USD) in damage and killing 21 people. This storm was the worst Texas hurricane since Hurricane Carla in 1961. Also, Alicia was the first billion-dollar tropical cyclone in Texas history. 1987 - Thunderstorms developing ahead of a sharp cold front produced severe weather in the Upper Midwest during the afternoon and evening hours, with Minnesota and eastern South Dakota hardest hit. A thunderstorm in west central Minnesota spawned a tornado at Eagle Lake which killed one person and injured eight others. A thunder- storm in eastern South Dakota produced softball size hail at Warner. (The National Weather Summary) (Storm Data) 1988 - Thirty five cities in twenty states in the north central and northeastern U.S. reported record high temperatures for the date, including Lamoni IA and Baltimore MD, where the mercury hit 105 degrees. Temperatures 100 degrees or above were reported in twenty-two states. Pierre SD was the hot spot in the nation with a high of 114 degrees. Bluefield WV reported eight straight days of record heat. (The National Weather Summary) 1989 - Evening thunderstorms in eastern New Mexico produced wind gusts to 66 mph at Clovis. Evening thunderstorms in West Texas produced baseball size hail around Hereford, Dimmitt, Ware and Dalhart. (The National Weather Summary) (Storm Data) 1993: Slow moving thunderstorms produced torrential rain across Mower County, MN. Rainfall exceeded 4.00" over most of the county with the highest total of 10.25" at Adams, MN. Significant flooding occurred within the city of Austin, MN, where 1,000 homes suffered water damage. The Cedar River in Austin rose rapidly out of its banks through the day. It crested at 21.3 feet, 6.3 feet above flood stage. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 1994: Tropical Storm Beryl formed in the northeast Gulf of Mexico and moved slowly east northeast, crossing the Florida panhandle coastline near Panama City. Beryl greatly added to the woes of people who were still recovering from Tropical Storm Alberto in July. At landfall the maximum sustained wind was estimated at 60 mph. The greatest rainfall total of 10.69 inches were observed at Apalachicola, but higher values likely occurred to the east of this location. Beryl weakened to a tropical depression as it moved northeast into extreme southwest Georgia at early on the 16th. There were no deaths and only 1 injury directly attributable to Beryl and damage was estimated at $5.9 million dollars. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) 2004: Severe flooding in Death Valley National Park in California caused extensive flooding. The flooding completely washed away several miles of roadway and caused damage to several rest areas. Two people traveling along Highway 190 were caught in the flooding and killed. Damage was estimated at $20 million dollars and took 3 months to completely repair the damage. (Ref. Wilson Wx. History) (Ref. WxDoctor)

79 / 67 . Continued warm, partly cloudy. Isolated showers mainly South/West, Mid 80s to 90 in the hot areas. Weekend looking great for i think mostly 4 in a row now. Split warm saturday mid 80s / upper 80s , Hot / Humid Sunday low - mid 90s, perhaps some 96,97 in the hottest areas, only isolated showers ot storms possible. Onshore flow Monday NE flow keeps it coolers upper 70s / low 80s or perhaps some midnight/1Am highs Sunday overnight into Monday. Erin hooks northeast mid week. Week is near normal overall with onshore flow and scattered showers Wed/Thu mainly west of the areas as forecast. Warmer by the end of the week and into next weekend briefly with perhaps next shot at 90 Sat or Sun. Ridge west trough into the GL/NE with cooler period the following week. Ridging coming east by the close of the month with warmer - hotter flow. 8/15 - 8/17: Warm - Hot/ Humid - Heat Sunday - only isolated/scattered storms 8/18 - 8/22 : Near normal - cooler than normal Erin east 8/23 - 8/24 : Warmer weekend perhaps a 90 in the hottest areas 8/25 - 8/28 : Cooler 8/29 - Beyond : Ridge builds warmer / hotter flow

For Newark there were only two seasons with under 10 90 degree days, Here are the lowest years on record with full data sets 1933 19 1974 18 1938 18 1934 18 1950 18 1951 18 1954 18 2000 16 1978 16 1976 15 1969 15 1940 15 1942 15 2014 15 1960 15 2009 14 1935 14 1962 14 1956 14 2004 13 1946 12 1982 12 1975 12 1985 11 1996 9 1967 7

Highs: TEB: 92 EWR: 91 PHL: 91 LGA: 90 TTN: 90 New Brnswck: 90 ISP: 89 NYC: 89 ACY: 88 BLM: 86 JFK: 85 * no intra hour highs again

Highs: TEB: 92 EWR: 91 PHL: 91 LGA: 90 TTN: 90 New Brnswck: 90 ISP: 89 NYC: 89 ACY: 88 BLM: 86 JFK: 85 * no intra hour highs again

79 / 73 clearing working down N - W / NW- SE