bluewave

The AI version of the Euro which is now available free on their site was a little further west than the OP yesterday. But not quite as far west as the GFS.

Seasonal models seldom show nuances like that.

The evolution was driven to some extent by the record warming of the Gulf Stream boosting the SE Ridge. So the main reason it was rain had to do with the storm track. Cool the SSTs to the East Coast and that ridge would have been nonexistent with a near record -AO pattern for December.

Last December would have been colder and snowier if we had the colder -AO-PNA climatology from the 1950s and 1960s. Notice how much weaker the 500 mb lows were this past December. The -AO was the 2nd lowest on record for December with no strong 50/50 vortex to show for it. Even the -PNA upper low was weaker.

Looks like the heat peaks on Thursday with 98° on the GFS and 100° Euro for the usual warm spots in NJ.

Wonder if it’s possible to get a peak in 3.4 during October since there can be a 1-2 month lag between 1.2 and areas further west?

The 3.4 and 4 regions have been steadily rising while it looks like 1.2 has peaked. You can also see the subsurface heat spreading further west than it has been. The big question is if the early peak in the east allows 3.4 to reach 2.0 before it levels off for a while?

The nature of the 500 mb or surface patterns that those indices represent has been changing. We have been seeing expansion of the ridges and shrinking of the troughs associated with the teleconnections. Simon Lee has really simplified the indices down to several well observed 500 mb patterns. It’s a great paper.

My main question with that is how fast the forcing reversed once the record IOD peaked back in the fall of 2019. This IOD appears that it will be weaker than that one. Plus we had WPAC Nina-like MJO forcing activity following the IOD peak in the fall of 2015. Doesn’t need to go completely neutral for a rebound in WPAC SSTs. We can remember the record breaking SST rebound near Indonesia and Australia during our winter in 19-20.

That’s not the point though. Of course Nino 4 is warmer than the eastern zones. But it’s the magnitude of the temperatures in that region and the WPAC which are higher than we saw back in years like 1997. So this is why the forcing was pulled much further west this summer vs 1997. We have to look at threshold temperatures in the various regions to determine where the forcing sets up. Now we have larger warm pools of +30 C SST heat which act as forcing magnets. 1997 had no such competition for forcing so the central to eastern zones were able to run the show. This hasn’t been the case so far in 2023.

That’s due to the size of the troughs shrinking relative to similar teleconnections in the past. The trough was only to get as deep in a more limited area of the Mid-Atlantic. In a cooler climate, the record -EPO+PNA -NAO would have produced similar temperatures to 2009 with a much more expansive trough. We have seen similar instances of the warming teleconnection pattern across all seasons. The record -AO and -PNA last December should have been much colder and snowier in the Northeast had it occurred back in the 1950s to 1970s. Many cold and snowy -PNA -AOs back in the old days. But it’s a rarity to get cold -PNAs these days. Even -AO +PNA patterns are getting warmer as was the case with the Christmas flood cutter in 2020. Don also hade a great series of posts on the warming -AO and -NAO patterns.

I used June and July to illustrate the point when the trough was at its deepest Ike back in 2009. Were were discussing this in the NYC Metro forum. This should have been a much cooler summer for the region than it was vs past blocky developing El Niño summers. The expanding ridges with record 500mb heights have become a staple of our new climate. All teleconnection combos are getting warmer.

It was nearly as deep in the mid-Atlantic. 2nd lowest June and July heights on record there. But the aerial coverage of the trough was much smaller due to the steadily expanding 500 mb heights since 2009. The ridges were much more expansive this time around leaving smaller and warmer troughs.

That’s the point that I have been making. While the trough in the mid-Atlantic was nearly as deep this June and July as 2009, there was much less cool air available. This is due to the expanding 500 mb ridges pressing in around the smaller troughs. So record 500 mb heights are leading to much less colder air available for the shrinking downstream troughs. This is a very important aspect of a warming climate which gets little discussion. Troughs decades ago were much more expansive and colder.

Case and point this summer. Should have been much cooler in the U.S. this summer with the near record -NAO-EPO+PNA pattern. 2009 featured roughly similar teleconnections and we were significantly warmer than that summer was. Troughs have been getting crowded out by ridges as the 500mb heights keep rising.

I think we are probably on the same page with our concerns about another mild winter coming up. But we arrive at that potential from two different directions. I believe your concern is that the eastward lean to the SST anomalies finally pulls the forcing east as we head into the winter. I am wondering if the El Niño peaks a little early and the forcing stays near the dateline. Then if there are coupling issues like we have seen this summer, the MJO 4-6 forcing which is also warmer could factor in at times. Plus strong enough dateline forcing in itself could be mild if the PNA ridge rolls over into the Northeast. So it may come down to whether we can get some snowfall luck in a mild pattern and a well timed STJ and blocking overlap. Let’s face it, there are more warmer potential forcing scenarios than cold as we have seen every winter since 15-16. 14-15 was such a freak event with the mega -EPO block overpowering the record +NAO. It was a Modoki with a raging +NAO. Since the climate has warmed so much since then, not even sure if similar modoki forcing scenario would even yield a very cold winter again.

If Philly can hit 100°, then Newark most certainly will. Record heat building into Philly usually makes it up to Newark. So there should be at least one day with favorable winds and highs from 97° to around 100°. Same goes for big Philly snowstorms making it to around Newark with the rare exception of 2-6-10. But we won’t have a 5 SD block this week like back then.

All we can say is that Euro seasonal for the summer from May was off on the EPAC forcing that never materialized. So I am even more cautious at looking at a longer range seasonal forecast for the winter which is much further out than the summer forecast issued in May. That would be like the November forecast being off for winter. But at least the Euro still had some WPAC forcing in the forecast even though it was too weak. http://seasonal.meteo.fr/content/PS-previ-cartes?language=en&TSPD_101_R0=0804515747ab2000ad872a2e9ddcbfd2ff2748fbec26c8047ff69e03f9b0255746c3a2ce239aa065080ec81b72143000ab7a63d4629fcacb295da78c52aa3c7ee66c63462d17216940f510f6a9555384b49970c27218ff6e6d1108718d8fc5d8 Forecast Verification

We got a record MJO 4-6 during the super El Niño in December 2015 once the IOD faded. That combination with the Nino forcing resulted in a super-Niña like +13 December in Northeast. But the blocking coming on strong in January and February saved the winter once the MJO 4-6 influence weakened. There was an interesting paper written on this effect. Plus every El Niño attempt since then has encountered interference from the WPAC warm pool . So I am even more cautious at looking at extended model output when Ninos are involved. Just look at how much further west the forcing was displaced this summer versus the strongest events. Many models missed this and had EPAC forcing in their seasonal outlooks for the summer. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00376-020-0261-x Distinctive MJO Activity during the Boreal Winter of the 2015/16 Super El Niño in Comparison with Other Super El Niño Events

I guess the hope is we don’t get an early El Niño peak and a quickly fading IOD which allows maritime continent forcing back into picture in time for winter. Then we are pretty much at the mercy of whether blocking shows up or not. Not even sure how much Nino 3.4 needs to warm for a strong enough Nino response to mute the lingering Niña background state of recent years. I would be happy with a milder forcing pattern near the Dateline provided some blocking and and an active STJ.

It’s a bit of a challenge to try and time the peak since the progression has been so different this year. So if everything about the evolution has been new, then can we rely on the timing and magnitude of the peaks of other events? It’s a good question. I guess the one constant is the westward lean to the forcing continues into September. While Dateline forcing during the winter could still be quite mild, at least we could up our chances for a better snowfall outcome than last winter. But the bar is pretty low. Just give me a decent STJ and some well timed blocks and I will tolerate a milder winter like we have had for the last 8 years. The cooling that you mentioned in the WPAC may be dampening the MJO 4-5 and upping the 6-7. Even though the RMM charts are missing the magnitude of the forcing drifting toward the Dateline which the VP anomalies more clearly show.

Thanks for posting. That gives us a clearer picture why the upper ocean heat anomalies have gone to around +1.2 recently. Looks like the +2 regions above 150 meters have expanded westward. Probably need to see what happens following this more Niña-like interval to know when the next warming spike at the surface occurs like we just saw. This evolution since last winter has been pretty unique. So we don’t have a collection of analogs to compare it to. The big question is what the ENSO regions need to warm to for the forcing to shift further east than we have seen?

It would fit with the theme this year with the greatest daily departures outside summer like we saw in April. But the potential is there if we can keep the UL far enough offshore. Very difficult in these parts to keep record heat away for more than several months at a time. So we’ll see if the Newark thermometer which has been underperforming all summer can finally register a +10 daily departure. Data for NEWARK LIBERTY INTL AP, NJ Click column heading to sort ascending, click again to sort descending. Date Avg Temperature Departure 2023-09-01 -4.3 2023-08-31 -2.1 2023-08-30 4.7 2023-08-29 1.0 2023-08-28 0.3 2023-08-27 3.1 2023-08-26 4.9 2023-08-25 0.7 2023-08-24 -3.9 2023-08-23 -2.1 2023-08-22 -1.7 2023-08-21 4.6 2023-08-20 -0.5 2023-08-19 -3.7 2023-08-18 1.2 2023-08-17 1.6 2023-08-16 1.0 2023-08-15 1.3 2023-08-14 4.7 2023-08-13 3.6 2023-08-12 2.0 2023-08-11 0.4 2023-08-10 -0.2 2023-08-09 2.7 2023-08-08 0.1 2023-08-07 -0.9 2023-08-06 0.0 2023-08-05 1.4 2023-08-04 -2.2 2023-08-03 -5.3 2023-08-02 -4.8 2023-08-01 -2.4 2023-07-31 -2.5 2023-07-30 -3.1 2023-07-29 4.9 2023-07-28 7.8 2023-07-27 7.3 2023-07-26 0.7 2023-07-25 0.2 2023-07-24 1.1 2023-07-23 2.1 2023-07-22 0.5 2023-07-21 1.5 2023-07-20 1.5 2023-07-19 -1.0 2023-07-18 1.0 2023-07-17 5.5 2023-07-16 -0.5 2023-07-15 2.5 2023-07-14 1.0 2023-07-13 5.6 2023-07-12 4.6 2023-07-11 1.7 2023-07-10 1.8 2023-07-09 0.8 2023-07-08 3.9 2023-07-07 4.1 2023-07-06 6.7 2023-07-05 5.8 2023-07-04 1.0 2023-07-03 6.1 2023-07-02 4.3 2023-07-01 -1.0 2023-06-30 -0.3 2023-06-29 -0.6 2023-06-28 -0.4 2023-06-27 -1.7 2023-06-26 -1.4 2023-06-25 3.3 2023-06-24 0.1 2023-06-23 -6.7 2023-06-22 -8.4 2023-06-21 -5.6 2023-06-20 -2.8 2023-06-19 -1.5 2023-06-18 0.8 2023-06-17 -0.8 2023-06-16 -1.0 2023-06-15 -1.7 2023-06-14 -1.9 2023-06-13 2.0 2023-06-12 1.3 2023-06-11 3.6 2023-06-10 -0.5 2023-06-09 -2.7 2023-06-08 -6.8 2023-06-07 -3.5 2023-06-06 3.4 2023-06-05 -1.3 2023-06-04 -9.0 2023-06-03 -3.6 2023-06-02 9.2 2023-06-01 5.5 2023-05-31 -3.2 2023-05-30 -3.8 2023-05-29 2.0 2023-05-28 1.3 2023-05-27 0.6 2023-05-26 -2.6 2023-05-25 -4.3 2023-05-24 1.0 2023-05-23 -3.2 2023-05-22 2.1 2023-05-21 1.4 2023-05-20 -0.3 2023-05-19 -2.1 2023-05-18 -11.3 2023-05-17 -3.5 2023-05-16 4.8 2023-05-15 1.6 2023-05-14 5.3 2023-05-13 13.1 2023-05-12 12.9 2023-05-11 6.2 2023-05-10 0.4 2023-05-09 0.2 2023-05-08 9.0 2023-05-07 5.8 2023-05-06 0.1 2023-05-05 -3.6 2023-05-04 -6.8 2023-05-03 -6.0 2023-05-02 -6.2 2023-05-01 -1.9 2023-04-30 -2.1 2023-04-29 -6.3 2023-04-28 -4.5 2023-04-27 -3.1 2023-04-26 -5.8 2023-04-25 -1.9 2023-04-24 -2.1 2023-04-23 4.8 2023-04-22 5.6 2023-04-21 4.5 2023-04-20 -0.6 2023-04-19 -0.8 2023-04-18 -2.4 2023-04-17 9.0 2023-04-16 10.4 2023-04-15 14.3 2023-04-14 24.1 2023-04-13 24.0 2023-04-12 23.4 2023-04-11 9.3 2023-04-10 0.7 2023-04-09 -5.9 2023-04-08 -4.5 2023-04-07 2.4 2023-04-06 15.8 2023-04-05 4.2 2023-04-04 11.1 2023-04-03 2.4 2023-04-02 -3.2 2023-04-01 15.2

Whether the usual warm spots in NJ go 95+ this week will come down to how close the offshore cutoff gets. The Euro is the hottest at 95-100° with the low staying further offshore. The CMC is in the middle at 94-98°. The GFS has the low closer to coast and more onshore flow and 90-95°. Not sure if the Euro is over amped with the ridge to the west. None of the models have been doing particularly well recently with big flips in some way from run to run. The summer forecast bias was too warm. But September in recent years has been unusually warm. So who knows which will win out.

Estell Manor COOP edged out Newark and Hightstown for the August 90 day lead. Monthly Data for August 2023 for New Jersey Click column heading to sort ascending, click again to sort descending. Name Station Type Number of Days Max Temperature >= 90 ESTELL MANOR COOP 6 HIGHTSTOWN 2 W COOP 5 NEWARK LIBERTY INTL AP WBAN 5 Newark Area ThreadEx 5 HARRISON COOP 4 MARGATE COOP 4