TheClimateChanger

I don’t think most people can grasp how warm recent years are compared to the rest of the Holocene. Not sure how else to read this, but this would seem to imply even if global temperatures were sustained 1C below the most recent decade for an extended period, there would marked changes in glaciation and vegetation, given how much we have overshot natural variation.

Some more paleoclimate talk. Deniers have been using this to make it seem like the Altithermal was much warmer than today. Of course, that’s not true. These alpine forests formed over thousands of years with relatively warm global temperatures driven mostly by the Milankovitch cycles. Certainly interesting that this forest has been hidden by glaciers for 6000+ years. I would surmise that they must have remained locked in ice even during the multiple centuries long Roman and Medieval warm periods. Obviously disingenuous to use this as evidence it was warmer during the Altithermal, when it’s one point on the globe and you are comparing a millennial scale warming versus the unprecedentedly rapid warming since the Industrial Revolution coming out of a relatively colder period.

Another way to visualize 2024, courtesy of the WMO.

What a game there for THE Ohio State University. Unreal.

They got some good pressure on that last one, that’s for sure.

Cross post on the deadly tornados of January 9, 1889, that struck Pittsburgh and Reading. The exact death toll is hard to determine, looks like estimates from Reading ranged from 17 to 60+, and at Pittsburgh from 7 to 14+. Tornado damage was also reported in York, Carlisle, Sunbury and Williamsport, in Pennsylvania, and elsewhere across the state and region from Ohio to Brooklyn, New York, where a strong tornado struck in the evening. In all, about 20 distinct tornadic circulations were uncovered during the outbreak, which is probably an undercount given the lack of satellite and aerial imagery and low population density. A suspension bridge at Niagara Falls was also toppled, but apparently due to straight line winds gusting to near hurricane force. The worst disasters were in downtown Pittsburgh, where a building under construction on Diamond Street was toppled by the winds, killing and injuring numerous construction workers, and in Reading, where the Grimshaw Silk Mill was destroyed by the storm. 250+ people, mostly young women and girls, were working there at the time. As I note, this serves as a stark reminder that tornados can and do form at any time of the year in this part of the world. Here is a photograph of the carnage at the Grimshaw Silk Mill site following the disaster of January 9, 1889:

I was doing some research and discovered a tornado outbreak on this date in 1889. A tornado struck downtown Pittsburgh around noon, destroying a building under construction and killing 14. Later in the day, a tornado struck Reading, Pennsylvania, destroying a textile mill, killing 33 people. A tornado struck Brooklyn, New York, causing extensive damage, particularly to the Naval Yard. Tornado damage was also reported in York, Williamsport, Carlisle, and Sunbury, Pennsylvania. It appears at least 20 distinct tornadic circulations struck Pennsylvania. Additionally, the suspension bridge at Niagara Falls was felled by the winds, although I have not found evidence of this being attributed to a tornado. Based on the description, this would rival, if not exceed, the outbreak of May 31, 1985. A stark reminder that tornados can and do hit at any time of the year in this part of the world. Looking at observations from the day, high temperatures ranged from the upper 40s to mid 50s in the affected regions. With January heat waves increasingly seeing temperatures reach the 60s and even 70s in the Mid Atlantic (I believe there was a recent case where Washington, DC nearly hit 80F!), it would be interesting to see what kind of damaging tornados could be spawned with the right atmospheric ingredients.

Yeah, that's probably the closest analog - although it's much warmer now IMO. Both 1990 & 1991, at the time were considered very warm, but 2024 beat them by 2+ degrees at PIT airport. I was doing some research, and was reading an article published in the Pittsburgh Post Gazette in early March 1993, talking about how it was just a normal winter, but felt much worse due to the prior several being milder and less snowy than normal. Of course, less than two weeks later, the Superstorm would hit, and coupled with other snowfall that month, would send the final seasonal total to one of the higher amounts on record. Maybe we just need another volcanic eruption like Pinatubo to give us a bit of help in our bleak climate state. About solar maximum. Curiously, I was reading "Climate Through the Ages" by C. E. P. Brooks (1926), and it's amazing how much our knowledge has improved. Believe it or not, but, at that time, high solar activity was believed to be correlated to colder weather, ostensibly by depletion of stratospheric ozone [a potent greenhouse gas] outweighing the small increase in irradiation. They did not believe carbon dioxide had a large impact on climate, due to Angstrom's experimentation, which suggested it largely absorbed radiation at wavelengths that were already saturated by water vapor absorption. Of course, that experiment was in a vacuum tube, and not representative of the earth's atmosphere. That myth still gets trotted out time to time from so-called contrarians.

Here's what the most recent full run of the GFS is suggesting over the next 15 days. Will be interesting to see how accurate (or inaccurate) this is.

I compiled a regional map of all snowfall totals from each airport that provides snowfall measurements [or in a couple of cases, NWS office sites] through yesterday:

10 years, eh? Removing duplicated storm dates, this was the seventh largest two-day storm on record for the Queen City dating back to the late 19th century. This was the largest storm since 2008, and that one edged this by the smallest of margins (0.1"). There have been only 2 storms on record that produced more than 1" more than this event over a 2-day period (1996 & 1998). From 1917-1978, there were no storms that produced more snowfall than this in any 2-day period. You may never see this again in your lifetime. Hell, with the warming client and already marginal subtropical climate of Cincinnati, this very well could be the heaviest storm for perpetuity.

One for the record books in the Queen City. Removing duplicates, this appears to be 7th largest 2-day storm ever recorded. It was the largest 2-day storm since 2008, and that one eclipsed this by only 0.1 inches. Only 2 storms have recorded greater than 1" more of snow in any 2-day period. From 1917 to 1978, no storms of this intensity were observed. This is about as big as it gets in the home of Skyline Chili. (1) 18.3 inches, 2/4/1998-2/5/1998 (2) 14.4 inches, 1/6/1996 - 1/7/1996 (3) 11.5 inches, 12/8/1917 - 12/9/1917 (4) 11.3 inches, 1/16/1978 - 1/17/1978 (5) 11.0 inches, 2/17/1910 - 2/18/1910 (6) 10.7 inches, 3/7/2008 - 3/8/2008 (7) 10.6 inches, 1/5/2025 - 1/6/2025

21Z SREF mean for PIT was 7.5”, with a range of 0” to just under 17.5”. Interestingly, while the mean was 7.5”, all of the solutions showing more than the mean, were above 10”.

I think that was just the highest official gust. Certainly was quite windy though regionwide that evening, with a lot of power outages.

Ah, yes, you are correct. So yeah, expect comfortable indoor conditions.

Looks like the GFS is suggesting some drying east of the ridges.

Certainly looking promising for a widespread 6"+ snowfall for much of the southern half of the State. On the college football weather front, as both Hard Rock Stadium and the Cotton Bowl are open-air (although Hard Rock is partially enclosed for fans), looks like there should be no major weather concerns. Forecast for Miami on Wednesday shows abnormally cool weather with low temperatures perhaps dropping below 50F and highs in the upper 60s, with fair weather. I expect Thursday to be similar but perhaps with some rebound in temperatures as a storm gathers over the Gulf of Mexico. In northern Texas, a sharp cool front will move through with chilly weather through Wednesday. Early indications for game day are similar conditions with some moderation - 40s to near 50, game time temp could dip into the 30s. Weather looks mostly fair, albeit chilly, at this point. At this time, it doesn't look like weather should play a significant role in either matchup.

My speculation of a PSU/OSU natty looking considerably stronger after another round of play. Anyways, on the weather front, looks like a round of snow on the way for much of Pennsylvania, particularly in the south. The 00z GFS is illustrative, showing possible snowfall over the next 144 hours.

Similar story in Michigan. Grand Rapids fell a little short of 2012, but record-breaking warmth was widespread throughout the state. I think the most impressive thing about 2024 is near the uniformity of record-breaking warmth. Some of the prior records dated to recent years (2021, 2023, 2017), a number from 2012 but a few were as old as 1921 & 1931. Detroit Lansing Flint Saginaw Alpena Grand Rapids Traverse City Houghton Lake Marquette (Airport) Kalamazoo Muskegon

Record warmth regionwide. No doubt that 2024 will go down in the books as the warmest year on record in the Buckeye State. Cleveland Akron Toledo Columbus Dayton Zanesville Mansfield