donsutherland1

While climate change, particularly through marine heatwaves, likely played a role in shaping the overall hemispheric pattern and contributed to pattern persistence, the pattern specifics likely drove the January outcome and February outcome to date. Pattern specifics are a function of internal variability within the context of a warming climate. Climate change likely made this winter somewhat warmer than it might otherwise have been, but that likely had only a marginal impact on the snowfall. Absent climate change, New York City would likely have seen its coldest temperature reach the single digits rather than 10°. Despite a favorable AO-/PNA+ combination mainly during the first three weeks of January, opportunities for big snowfalls in New York City did not materialize. One issue was that the AO became too severely negative leading to suppression. There was above normal snowfall, but it was focused on such cities as Baltimore, Richmond, and Washington, D.C. As noted on 1/1: Should the AO dive below -3.000, which now appears likely, the prospects for a significant or major snowfall in the New York City area could be reduced. The AO plunged to -3.795 on January 5th. The storm was suppressed with Baltimore and Washington, DC seeing 6" or more snow, but just 0.9" in New York City. The window of opportunity for a big snowstorm closed after January 20th as a positive AO regime took hold. That regime continued through February 7th. Such regimes typically favor smaller than blockbuster snowfalls in January. The AO has since gone negative. However, that coincided with a positive PNA. An AO-/PNA+ regime is conducive to significant snowfalls during January and the first half of February (higher than climatological probability). However, once one gets into the second half of February, the PNA+ often leads to suppression in an environment characterized by shorter wave lengths. On 2/13, I responded to the 18z GFS's forecast pattern that "If the ridging is on or off the Pacific Northwest at this time of year, one will be more likely than not to see a suppressed solution." The storm tomorrow into Thursday will be suppressed. Norfolk remains in line for a 6"-10" snowfall. At best, New York City could see some flurries or a period of light snow, but a no snow outcome is on the table. In general, patterns provide insight into potential for a broad area e.g., the Middle Atlantic region. They do not provide details for specific locations within the region. Synoptic details determine whether the potential is realized and how specific locations are impacted. Patterns can provide insight into the medium range (often 4-7 days); synoptic details provide useful information within 3 days or less based on operational model skill. In fact, the presence of the AO-/PNA+ pattern accounted for a disproportionate share of days with measurable snowfall and total snowfall during the January 1-February 14 period as suggested by the climate record: Overall, pattern flaws and stochastic synoptic details played the largest role in shaping Winter 2024-2025's snowfall in the New York City area so far this season. Finally, in terms of longer-term snowfall averages, I suspect that the combination of climate change and internal variability are responsible for the recent decline with NYC perhaps in the very early stages of a structural decline in seasonal snowfall (I don't believe the area running from Boston to Caribou is currently experiencing any long-term decline in seasonal snowfall; gains in moisture as winters warm may actually be leading to an increase at Caribou right now). By the mid-2030s, the impact of climate change should be more evident with New York City's 30-year average snowfall falling to or perhaps somewhat below 20". Even then, there will still be periodic snowy winters and big snowstorms for decades to come.

With respect to the NBM, one should note that snowfall forecasts at the fringes of storms are likely overdone. In extreme cases, measurable snowfall is forecast even when qpf is 0. That issue won't be fixed until Version 5 is released.

Final outcome: Warmer than had been modeled.

A much colder air mass has moved into the region on strong winds. The temperature could fall into the teens on tomorrow morning and/or Wednesday morning from Baltimore northward into New England. The cold will likely persist through the remainder of the week. Conditions will moderate during the weekend. A storm will likely bring a significant snowfall to parts of the lower Middle Atlantic region. The forecast 500 mb pattern for eastern North America has some similarities to January 29-31, 2010 but is even more suppressed. A period of light snow or flurries is still possible in the New York City area, but such an outcome is not assured. The models generally show 8" or more snow in Norfolk, but some of the guidance has shifted even farther south and east. Since 1895, there were 17 storms that brought 8" or more snow to Norfolk. The breakdown for NYC snowfall was: 6" or more: 18%; Less than 1": 76%; No measurable snowfall: 53%; No snowfall: 41%. Currently, the PNA is above +1.000. In January and the first half of February, that would be conducive toward facilitating patterns favorable for potentially major snowfalls in the New York City area. During the second half of February, such a strong PNA works against such snowstorms due to the shorter wave lengths. The storm this week will be no exception. Overall, generally colder outcome is likely during the second half of February. Precipitation will likely be near or somewhat above normal. However, there are growing indications for a major pattern shift during the first week of March. Some of the guidance begins to break down the pattern in the closing days of February. The CFSv2 is currently a cold outlier. The ENSO Region 1+2 anomaly was +0.9°C and the Region 3.4 anomaly was -0.3°C for the week centered around February 12. For the past six weeks, the ENSO Region 1+2 anomaly has averaged +0.03°C and the ENSO Region 3.4 anomaly has averaged -0.65°C. La Niña conditions have peaked and are beginning to fade. La Niña conditions will likely persist into the start of spring. The SOI was -12.39 today. The preliminary Arctic Oscillation (AO) was -4.896 today. Based on sensitivity analysis applied to the latest guidance, there is an implied 92% probability that New York City will have a colder than normal February (1991-2020 normal). February will likely finish with a mean temperature near 33.0° (2.9° below normal).

While many mourn what might have been as yet another snowstorm is forecast to push far to our south and east, as a reminder that spring isn't far off, the New York Botanical Garden's annual orchid show has opened.

Back on Thursday, the flaws in the 500 mb pattern were showing up on some of the guidance e.g., the GFS. At the time, I noted: The 18z GFS had a largely suppressed solution. It showed a big snowfall in southeastern Virginia. I've taken the 500 mb map and identified where the features have typically been for blockbuster February snowstorms that occurred after February 7th and the cluster for such snowstorms during the second half of February. Details make a difference. If the ridging is on or off the Pacific Northwest at this time of year, one will be more likely than not to see a suppressed solution. Unfortunately, the 500 mb pattern has only deteriorated further. Below is the 2/17 0z EPS output: The EPS pattern is remarkably similar to the GFS forecast from last Thursday. At that time, the GFS was in a distinct minority of models indicating a suppressed solution. In January, with its longer wave lengths, ridging off the Pacific Northwest and into the Gulf of Alaska can facilitate storm tracks for significant or major snowfalls. But in the second half of February, with its shorter wave lengths, one gets suppressed solutions, as appears poised to play out. Below are the 6" or greater snowstorm clusters for the second half of February (Clusters 2 and 3 are the ones with the KU storms): In comparison, here are clusters for January for the dominant patterns for significant (6" or above) snowstorms: There still remains a degree of uncertainty. That uncertainty could be the difference between a period of light snow/flurries or no snowfall whatsoever in the New York City area. At this time, the guidance has moved into a skillful range for synoptic features, so barring unexpected and unusual developments, any changes will likely be modest. The overall point is that time of season matters. A pattern that might work very well in mid-winter e.g., January, isn't necessarily a great pattern near the end of winter (second half of February).

The EPS has diverged even farther from the clusters for second-half February 6" or above snowstorms in New York City. The combination of differences in key features and a positively-tilted trough in the Ohio Valley favors an out-to-sea track well south of the region. Things can still change somewhat in coming days to allow for some snow in the NYC area. However, a major snowstorm is now a low probability scenario. EPS compared to Cluster 3: Clusters:

I had a typo that was fixed subsequent to your reply. 18%, not 24%, were 6" or more in NYC.

It's too soon to be sure that this was the last snowfall opportunity for the remainder of the winter. Moreover, the pattern change is not yet cast in stone. It looks like early March is more favored than the end of February and there could still be some opportunities for snowfall.

The temperature will rise this evening until 7 pm - 9 pm. Afterward, it will begin to fall. Although JFK Airport has reached 52° this afternoon, the mild air has had difficulty pushing northward into Manhattan, northern Queens, and the Bronx. Through 4:30 pm, the high temperatures at Central Park and LaGuardia Airport have been 41°. The temperature at both locations could peak in the middle or even upper 40s, but it appears unlikely that they will reach 50°. In the wake of the storm, it will turn sharply colder tomorrow. Winds could also gust past 50 mph in parts of the area. Temperatures could fall into the teens on Tuesday and/or Wednesday morning from Baltimore northward into New England. The cold will likely persist through the remainder of the week. A storm could bring snow to parts of the East Coast after the middle of next week. The forecast 500 mb pattern for eastern North America has some similarities to January 29-31, 2010 but is even more suppressed. However, there remains a degree of uncertainty. By late tomorrow, the forecast accuracy of the synoptic details will become more skillful. In terms of the guidance, the 12z ECMWF, GGEM, and UKMET are in good agreement about the focus of the heaviest snows. Those models show 8" or more snow in Norfolk. Since 1895, there were 17 storms that brought 8" or more snow to Norfolk. The breakdown for NYC snowfall was: 6" or more: 18%; Less than 1": 76%; No measurable snowfall: 53%; No snowfall: 41%. Moreover, the three models showed less than 2" snow at Philadelphia. Using the Norfolk data, there were 11 cases in the subset that had less than 2" at Philadelphia. The New York City breakdown was: Less than 1": 100%; No measurable snowfall: 73%; No snowfall: 64%. Overall, generally colder outcome is likely during the second half of February. Precipitation will likely be near or somewhat above normal. However, there are growing indications for a major pattern shift during the first week of March. The ENSO Region 1+2 anomaly was +0.1°C and the Region 3.4 anomaly was -0.6°C for the week centered around February 5. For the past six weeks, the ENSO Region 1+2 anomaly has averaged -0.10°C and the ENSO Region 3.4 anomaly has averaged -0.72°C. La Niña conditions are underway and will likely persist into the start of spring. The SOI was -0.58 today. The preliminary Arctic Oscillation (AO) was -4.896 today. Based on sensitivity analysis applied to the latest guidance, there is an implied 92% probability that New York City will have a colder than normal February (1991-2020 normal). February will likely finish with a mean temperature near 32.7° (3.2° below normal).

At 18z, NYC was 36°. The 2/16 12z NBM showed 44° for 18z and 47° for 20z. It is growing increasingly unlikely that NYC will reach 50° today.

End of February/early March.

I'm thinking that the cold air damming is a little stronger than had been modeled. It might still get to 50°, but there's a little more uncertainty than there was even 6-12 hours ago.

Yes, a big pattern change appears likely.

So far, the temperature is running colder than had been modeled for New York City. The 2/16 6z NBM had a 13z reading of 39°. The 12z run had 38°. The current reading is 33°. Whether this means that the temperature won't surge to or above 50° still remains to be seen. If, by 20z, readings continue to run well below the modeled output (47° on the 12z NBM), that could be an indication that the high temperature will ultimately fall short of the late day figures currently shown on the guidance.

The week ahead: The EPS has a distinct lean toward a snowier outcome in the Lower Mid-Atlantic Region.

411 NOUS41 KOKX 160102 PNSOKX CTZ005>012-NJZ002-004-006-103>108-NYZ067>075-078>081-176>179-161302- Public Information Statement National Weather Service New York NY 802 PM EST Sat Feb 15 2025 ...SNOWFALL REPORTS SO FAR... Location Amount Time/Date Provider ...Connecticut... ...Fairfield County... 2 SSW Weston 1.3 in 0730 PM 02/15 Trained Spotter Bridgeport Airport 1.0 in 0700 PM 02/15 Official NWS Obs ...Middlesex County... Higganum 1.0 in 0700 PM 02/15 Public ...New London County... 2 SSE Ledyard Center 0.8 in 0600 PM 02/15 Trained Spotter Groton 0.7 in 0725 PM 02/15 Public ...New Jersey... ...Bergen County... Waldwick 0.9 in 0703 PM 02/15 Public ...Essex County... West Orange 1.0 in 0600 PM 02/15 Public 1 E Livingston 0.8 in 0616 PM 02/15 Public Newark Airport 0.6 in 0700 PM 02/15 Official NWS Obs ...Hudson County... Harrison 0.6 in 0700 PM 02/15 CO-OP Observer Hoboken 0.5 in 0615 PM 02/15 Trained Spotter ...New York... ...Bronx County... 1 NW Fordham 0.5 in 0608 PM 02/15 Public ...Kings County... Midwood 0.3 in 0530 PM 02/15 Broadcast Media ...Nassau County... 1 WSW Plainview 1.7 in 0615 PM 02/15 Public 1 SSE Plainview 1.7 in 0617 PM 02/15 Public 1 N Syosset 1.4 in 0600 PM 02/15 Trained Spotter Manhasset Hills 1.2 in 0621 PM 02/15 Public 2 SE Plainedge 1.2 in 0718 PM 02/15 Public Farmingdale 1.0 in 0545 PM 02/15 Public East Meadow 1.0 in 0545 PM 02/15 NWS Employee ...New York (Manhattan) County... Central Park 0.5 in 0630 PM 02/15 Official NWS Obs ...Orange County... Salisbury Mills 2.0 in 0700 PM 02/15 Trained Spotter 2 ESE Pine Bush 1.3 in 0540 PM 02/15 Public ...Queens County... NYC/La Guardia 0.6 in 0700 PM 02/15 Official NWS Obs NYC/JFK 0.5 in 0700 PM 02/15 Official NWS Obs ...Suffolk County... Babylon 1.3 in 0641 PM 02/15 Public Upton (NWS Office) 1.1 in 0700 PM 02/15 Official NWS Obs 1 NNW Stony Brook 0.9 in 0615 PM 02/15 NWS Employee Islip Airport 0.4 in 0700 PM 02/15 Official NWS Obs &&

Yes, it has likely bottomed out.

Snow will change to sleet and rain tonight. A 1"-3" accumulation is likely in and around New York City. A few places could see some somewhat higher amounts. Rain will fall moderately to heavily at times into tomorrow. A general 1"-2" of precipitation is likely from Washington, DC to New York City. Some locally higher amounts are possible. The temperature will likely surge into the 50s in New York City and lower 60s in Washington, DC tomorrow. In the wake of the storm, it will turn sharply colder on Monday. Winds could also gust past 50 mph in parts of the area. Temperatures could fall into the teens on Tuesday and/or Wednesday morning from Baltimore northward into New England. The cold will likely persist through the remainder of the week. A storm could bring snow to parts of the East Coast after the middle of next week. There is currently a large range of scenarios on the guidance. Overall, generally colder outcome is likely during the second half of February. Precipitation will likely be near or somewhat above normal. The ENSO Region 1+2 anomaly was +0.1°C and the Region 3.4 anomaly was -0.6°C for the week centered around February 5. For the past six weeks, the ENSO Region 1+2 anomaly has averaged -0.10°C and the ENSO Region 3.4 anomaly has averaged -0.72°C. La Niña conditions are underway and will likely persist into the start of spring. The SOI was -12.01 yesterday. The preliminary Arctic Oscillation (AO) was -5.257 today. That is the lowest AO value since February 10, 2021 when the AO fell to -5.285. Based on sensitivity analysis applied to the latest guidance, there is an implied 92% probability that New York City will have a colder than normal February (1991-2020 normal). February will likely finish with a mean temperature near 32.5° (3.4° below normal).

I suspect that Central Park will report a measurable amount when the 7 pm report comes out.

Four photos from this afternoon:

For those who are interested, Results of a Series of Meteorological Observations, can be found at: https://archive.org/details/cu31924000010268/page/n27/mode/2up

Last for ECMWF AIFS runs: 2/14 12z: 2/14 18z: 2/15 0z: 2/16 0z:

Some updates on last week’s thoughts: 1. Los Angeles picked up 2.12” of rain during February 12-13. San Francisco saw 2.29” during February 11-13. 2. The New York City area will likely experience experienced its biggest snowstorm of the season during February 8-9 when 3.1” of snow fell. Boston saw 5.5” of snow, as southern New England saw somewhat less snow than had been expected. However, Portland picked up 10.1” of snow during February 8-9. A second storm brought 6.4” of snow to Washington, DC during February 11-12. That was Washington’s second 6” or above snowstorm of the season. The last time Washington, DC saw two 6” or above snowstorms in a winter was 2013-2014. 3. Chicago picked up 3.0” of snow during February 11-13 while 3.8” fell in Detroit during February 12-13. Three Thoughts Going Forward: 1. A significant precipitation event will affect the Northeastern U.S. Albany, Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia could see 1”-2” of precipitation with locally higher amounts tonight and tomorrow. 2. The February 17-21 period could see the temperature average more than 10° below normal in parts of the Central Plains, including Des Moines, Kansas City, and Omaha. The coldest temperature could reach -10° or below in all three cities. There is a chance that Chicago could experience a subzero low temperature. The last time Chicago saw a subzero low temperature after February 14th was during March 4, 2019 when the mercury fell to -3°. 3. A significant (6” or more) snowfall is likely in parts of the East, particularly from Washington, DC to Atlantic City during February 19-20. Significant snow is possible but not assured in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. There is a chance that 10” or more snow could fall in parts of the Middle Atlantic region. Should Washington pick up 6” or more snow, that would be the third time this winter that the City had seen 6” or more snow during a storm. The last winter with three or more such storms was Winter 2009-2010 when there were four such storms. Longer-Range: The preponderance of guidance has now shifted toward a cooler than normal temperatures in much of the eastern United States, except for the Southeast during the second half of February overall. Precipitation for the Great Lakes Region and Northeast could be above normal during the second half of February. The Southwest will likely wind up warmer than normal. There are growing indications that a significant pattern realignment could occur near the end of February or during the start of March.

The 2/15 6z GFS has taken a minor step toward the snowier guidance. Whether this is the start of a model adjustment or just run-to-run discontinuity remains to be seen. 24-Hour Snowfall Forecasts: 2/15 0z GFS: 2/15 6z GFS: