bluewave

Harrison and Hoboken topped out at 97°.The industrial area around the airport is usually the hottest part of the region on a SW to W downslope flow. Brooklyn and Queens were slightly cooler due to the very strong onshore flow east of NYC. Newark Internation Observation Time: 07/02/22 @ 09:35 EDT 13:35 UTC Elevation: 16 ft OK Weather Conditions Temperature: 84 °F Dew Point: 72 °F Humidity: 66 % Wind: WSW at 8 MPH 24 Hour Max/Min Events Max Temperature: 99 °F Min Temperature: 79 °F Max RH: 74.19 % Min RH: 23.92 % Max Dew Point: 72 °F Min Dew Point: 55 °F Max Gust: 44 MPH HSNN4 Harrison Observation Time: 07/02/22 @ 09:30 EDT 13:30 UTC Elevation: 23 ft OK Weather Conditions Temperature: 82 °F Dew Point: 73 °F Humidity: 74 % Peak Gust: 3 MPH 24 Hour Max/Min Events Max Temperature: 97 °F Min Temperature: 78 °F Max RH: 82 % Min RH: 33 % Max Dew Point: 74 °F Min Dew Point: 63 °F Max Gust: 10 MPH FW1417 Hoboken Observation Time: 07/02/22 @ 09:37 EDT 13:37 UTC Elevation: 13 ft OK Weather Conditions Temperature: 83 °F Dew Point: 73 °F Humidity: 71 % Wind: S at 1 MPH Peak Gust: 7 MPH 24 Hour Max/Min Events Max Temperature: 97 °F Min Temperature: 78 °F Max RH: 79 % Min RH: 33 % Max Dew Point: 73 °F Min Dew Point: 62 °F Max Gust: 21 MPH Astoria 96 Queensbridge / Dutch Kills 96

Several other spots around Philly have hit 100° in recent years. Data for January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021 Click column heading to sort ascending, click again to sort descending. State Name Station Type Highest Max Temperature PA PHILADELPHIA FRANKLIN INSTITUTE COOP 100 Data for January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019 Click column heading to sort ascending, click again to sort descending. State Name Station Type Highest Max Temperature PA PHOENIXVILLE 1 E COOP 101 MD STEVENSVILLE 2SW COOP 100 DE GEORGETOWN-DELAWARE COASTAL AIRPORT WBAN 100 PA PHILADELPHIA FRANKLIN INSTITUTE COOP 100 NJ ATLANTIC CITY INTL AP WBAN 100 PA NORTHEAST PHILADELPHIA AIRPORT WBAN 100 Data for January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018 Click column heading to sort ascending, click again to sort descending. State Name Station Type Highest Max Temperature PA PHILADELPHIA FRANKLIN INSTITUTE COOP 101 NJ ATSION COOP 101 PA PHOENIXVILLE 1 E COOP 100 PA NORTHEAST PHILADELPHIA AIRPORT WBAN 100 NJ HIGHTSTOWN 2 W COOP 100 NJ FREEHOLD-MARLBORO COOP 100

We don’t rally have any analogs for so much water vapor injected into the stratosphere. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2022GL099381 Following the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption, several trace gases measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) displayed anomalous stratospheric values. Trajectories and radiance simulations confirm that the H2O, SO2, and HCl enhancements were injected by the eruption. In comparison with those from previous eruptions, the SO2 and HCl mass injections were unexceptional, although they reached higher altitudes. In contrast, the H2O injection was unprecedented in both magnitude (far exceeding any previous values in the 17-year MLS record) and altitude (penetrating into the mesosphere). We estimate the mass of H2O injected into the stratosphere to be 146 ± 5 Tg, or ∼10% of the stratospheric burden. It may take several years for the H2O plume to dissipate. This eruption could impact climate not through surface cooling due to sulfate aerosols, but rather through surface warming due to the radiative forcing from the excess stratospheric H2O. Key Points Following the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption, the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measured enhancements of stratospheric H2O, SO2, and HCl The mass of SO2 and HCl injected is comparable to that from prior eruptions, whereas the magnitude of the H2O injection is unprecedented Excess stratospheric H2O will persist for years, could affect stratospheric chemistry and dynamics, and may lead to surface warming The violent Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption on 15 January 2022 not only injected ash into the stratosphere but also large amounts of water vapor, breaking all records for direct injection of water vapor, by a volcano or otherwise, in the satellite era. This is not surprising since the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai caldera was formerly situated 150 m below sea level. The massive blast injected water vapor up to altitudes as high as 53 km. Using measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder on NASA's Aura satellite, we estimate that the excess water vapor is equivalent to around 10% of the amount of water vapor typically residing in the stratosphere. Unlike previous strong eruptions, this event may not cool the surface, but rather it could potentially warm the surface due to the excess water vapor.

Yeah, the all-time highs set back in 2010 and 2011 have been tough to challenge. My guess is that it has been too wet since then to reach those levels. Drought feedback is very important for all-time highs. Data for January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2011 Click column heading to sort ascending, click again to sort descending. State Name Station Type Highest Max Temperature NJ NEWARK LIBERTY INTL AP WBAN 108 NY MINEOLA COOP 108 NJ CANOE BROOK COOP 107 NJ HARRISON COOP 107 NY WANTAGH CEDAR CREEK COOP 107 NJ RINGWOOD COOP 106 NY MOLLOY CERCOM COOP 105 NJ PLAINFIELD COOP 104 NJ CRANFORD COOP 104 NY LAGUARDIA AIRPORT WBAN 104 NY NY CITY CENTRAL PARK WBAN 104 NJ TETERBORO AIRPORT WBAN 104 CT DANBURY COOP 104 NJ CALDWELL ESSEX COUNTY AP WBAN 103 NY JFK INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT WBAN 103 CT IGOR I SIKORSKY MEMORIAL AIRPORT WBAN 103 NY SHIRLEY BROOKHAVEN AIRPORT WBAN 103 NY WEST POINT COOP 103 NY DOBBS FERRY-ARDSLEY COOP 102 NY FARMINGDALE REPUBLIC AP WBAN 102 CT MERIDEN MARKHAM MUNICIPAL AP WBAN 102 NY WESTCHESTER CO AP WBAN 102 CT NEW HAVEN TWEED AP WBAN 101 NY ISLIP-LI MACARTHUR AP WBAN 101 NY BRONX COOP 101 CT GROTON NEW LONDON AP WBAN 101 NY MONTGOMERY ORANGE COUNTY AP WBAN 100 CT STAMFORD 5 N COOP 100 NY WESTHAMPTON GABRESKI AP WBAN 100 NY SETAUKET STRONG COOP 100 CT MIDDLETOWN 4 W COOP 100 CT DANBURY MUNICIPAL AP WBAN 100 NY YORKTOWN HEIGHTS 1W COOP 100 CT BRIDGEPORT-SUCCESS HILL COOP 100

Highs around the region today… ALB….95° POU…94° EWR….99° Harrison…97° Hoboken…97° LGA….93° NYC….91°

Yeah, models don’t do very well with ENSO forecasts for the following winter this early. The main thing that everyone is interested in is whether there will be blocking or not. That is usually unknown until the winter starts.

Harrison is catching up and is 97° now. https://mesowest.utah.edu/cgi-bin/droman/meso_base_dyn.cgi?stn=C1099&unit=0&timetype=LOCAL 15:45 97.0

It’s driven by the differential heating between the land and the water. https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/138/6/2009mwr3231.1.xml 5. Summary and conclusions High-resolution observations and model simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were used to understand the structural evolution, dynamics, and climatology of a low-level jet over the coastal waters of the New York Bight (NYB) region. A 1997–2006 climatology of the jet using hourly data from a tower (ALSN6) and a buoy (44025) in the NYB shows that the jet is most common during the warm season (June–July peak), with a skew in the monthly distribution toward spring, since the jet is driven by the differential heating between land and water. About 28% of the events have winds greater than 13 m s−1 (25 kt), which meets or exceeds the small craft advisory wind conditions for the National Weather Service. The wind directions for the jet trace out an elliptical orbit for the 24-h period around the jet maximum, which is at 2300 UTC (1800 LST) on average. In addition to the inertial forces, there is also an increasing west-northwest–east-southeast-directed pressure gradient that peaks 1–3 h before the time of maximum southerly wind. This 1–3-h delay is qualitatively consistent with geostrophic adjustment. Spatial composites reveal that the NYB jet occurs when there is large-scale southwesterly flow around a Bermuda high and a short-wave ridge along the East Coast. The composites also illustrate that the

Unusually strong Ambrose Jet today near the South Shore beaches. Models have 30 to 40 mph gusts. So plenty of blowing sand for people trying to escape the heat further to the west today. Watch out for dangerous rip currents.

July 1st looks like it will be our warmest day for a while. The ridge pulls back to the west again from the 5th to at least the 11th. So still no sign of the ridge locking in near the Northeast like we have seen in recent summers.

The rate of June warming in our area has been slower than December. The strongest heat in the Plains this month matches the trend. We can also see less cooling in the Northeast and Northwest. But last June was a big outlier.

The North Shore was the big rainfall jackpot winner this month with the 2nd wettest June since records began at Mount Sinai in 2010. Time Series Summary for MOUNT SINAI, NY - Month of Jun Click column heading to sort ascending, click again to sort descending. Rank Year Total Precipitation Missing Count 1 2013 9.57 0 2 2022 6.73 1 3 2012 6.65 0 4 2011 5.10 0 5 2015 4.86 0 6 2019 4.61 0 7 2017 3.78 0 8 2018 2.92 0 9 2014 2.91 0 10 2021 2.02 0 11 2010 2.01 1 12 2016 1.60 0 13 2020 1.15 0

The early forecasts based on the May conditions in the Arctic are forecasting an average September extent in the 4.3 to 4.5 million sq km range.The 15 year era from 2007 to 2021 featured 10 out of 15 years finishing in the 4s. Only two years finished below 4.00 million sq km. With just three finishing slightly above 5.00 million sq km. September 2022 forecast https://www.arcus.org/files/sio/33269/cpom_ucl_gregory_et_al.pdf This statistical model computes a forecast of pan-Arctic September sea ice extent . Monthly averaged May sea ice concentration and sea-surface temperature fields between 1979 and 2022 were used to create a climate network (based on the approach of Gregory et al 2020). This was then utilised in a Bayesian Linear Regression in order to forecast September extent. The model predicts a pan-Arctic extent of 4.5 million square kilometres. Sea ice concentration data were taken from NSIDC (Cavalieri et al., 1996; Maslanik and Stroeve,1999) and sea-surface temperature data were taken from ERA5 (Hersbach et al., 2019) Brief explanation of Outlook method (using 300 words or less). Monthly averaged May sea ice concentration (SIC) and sea-surface temperature (SST) data between 1979 and 2022 were used to create a May SIC-SST climate(complex) network. Individual SIC grid cells were first clustered into regions of spatio-temporal homogeneity (and similarly for SST) by using a community detection algorithm (see Gregory et al, 2020). Links between each of these network regions (covariance) were then passed into a Bayesian Linear Regression to derive an estimate on the prior distribution of the regression parameters. Subsequently a posterior distribution of the regression parameters was then derived in order to generate the forecast of September sea ice extent. https://www.arcus.org/files/sio/33269/cpom.pdf Executive summary" of your Outlook contribution (using 300 words or less) describe how and why your contribution was formulated. To the extent possible, use non-technical language. We predict the September ice extent 2022 to be 4.3 (3.8-4.8) million km2. This is just above the trend line. In spite of the large sea ice extent in May 2022, sea ice thickness and melt pond cover are quite normal with respect to the last decade. Brief explanation of Outlook method (using 300 words or less). This is a statistical prediction based on the correlation between the ice area covered by melt- ponds in May and ice extent in September. The melt pond area is derived from a simulation with the sea ice model CICE in which we incorporated a physically based melt-pond model1. See our publication in Nature Climate Change http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v4/n5/full/nclimate2203.html for details2. 2021……4.92 2020……3.92 2019……4.32 2018…...4.71 2017……4.87 2016……4.72 2015…..4.63 2014…..5.28 2013…..5.35 2012…..3.60 2011……4.61 2010…..4.90 2009….5.36 2008….4.67 2007…..4.28

Below to near average June temperatures away from the urban corridor in NE NJ. Some of the strongest blocking of the year waiting until June. So the strongest heat remained to our west. EWR…+1.6 NYC….-0.7 LGA…..-1.3 HPN…..-0.1 JFK…….0.0 ISP…….-0.1

Japan had some of the most extreme June heat this year in the Northern Hemisphere.

Still seems like a pretty big outlier given the other amounts in the 5 boroughs. Data for January 1, 1983 through December 31, 1983 Click column heading to sort ascending, click again to sort descending. State Name Station Type Total Precipitation NY NY CITY CENTRAL PARK WBAN 80.56 NY WESTCHESTER CO AP WBAN 74.15 CT STEVENSON DAM COOP 73.78 CT ROUND POND COOP 73.66 NY DOBBS FERRY-ARDSLEY COOP 73.30 NJ CHARLOTTEBURG RESERVOIR COOP 72.70 CT STAMFORD 5 N COOP 72.08 CT MOUNT CARMEL COOP 71.64 CT DANBURY COOP 71.49 NJ CANOE BROOK COOP 71.37 NJ LITTLE FALLS COOP 70.60 NJ GREENWOOD LAKE COOP 69.58 NJ RINGWOOD COOP 69.57 NY NEW YORK LAUREL HILL COOP 69.50 NY WEST POINT COOP 69.49 CT SAUGATUCK RESERVOIR COOP 69.41 CT MIDDLETOWN 4 W COOP 69.20 NY PLEASANTVILLE COOP 68.99 NJ CRANFORD COOP 68.91 NJ MIDLAND PARK COOP 68.90 NJ MAHWAH COOP 68.62 CT NORWICH PUBLIC UTILITY PLANT COOP 68.36 NJ ESSEX FELLS SERVICE BLDG COOP 68.03 CT COCKAPONSET RANGER STA COOP 67.62 NJ WOODCLIFF LAKE COOP 67.02 NJ WANAQUE RAYMOND DAM COOP 66.77 NY WESTBURY COOP 66.37 CT NORWALK GAS PLANT COOP 66.31 NY PATCHOGUE 2 N COOP 66.18 NY NY WESTERLEIGH STAT IS COOP 66.06 NJ LODI COOP 66.05 NJ NEWARK LIBERTY INTL AP WBAN 65.50 NY NEW YORK AVE V BROOKLYN COOP 65.00 NY LAGUARDIA AIRPORT WBAN 60.84

The 1983 precipitation totals still haven’t been corrected for NYC. https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/31/nyregion/city-s-rain-83-record-is-in-doubt.html The heavy rains that pounded New York City during 1983 may not have broken the annual rainfall record here, after all, the National Weather Service said yesterday. The only thing broken for certain, it said, was the official rain gauge in Central Park. To no one's surprise, the Weather Service announced on Nov. 15 that the year's drenching rains in Manhattan had surpassed a record of 67.04 inches, set in 1972. As of early yesterday, additional rains were said to have brought the year's total to 80.56 inches. But the Weather Service's data acquisition division in Garden City, L.I., suspected something was amiss because the Central Park readings were much higher than official measurements at Kennedy International, Newark International and La Guardia Airports. So the gauge at Belvedere Castle in the park was taken apart. It was found to be leaky. A faulty weld apparently was allowing water to seep in the side and be measured with rain entering the calibrated opening. No one knows how much rain fell in the park in 1983. But the Weather Service said that an official estimate based on nearby readings would be made and that ''it likely will be close to the record, either just above or just below.''

Those charts that you posted don’t go into any detail on how or what an ASOS target is. The record heat at the end of May matched the NYC micronet readings. You realize that the other ASOS stations around NYC like LGA and JFK have been subject to cooler sea breezes. Interior Brooklyn and Queens stations have had highs in line with Newark when the wind flow made comparisons valid. The only station in the region with consistent quality control issues is NYC. May 31st warmest day of year highs were in line with the 98° at Newark when the limited ASOS network missed the warm spots around NYC metro. The charts you posted lacked the data from a much wider network. Your sample size was too limited to be a valid comparison of our local temperature distribution. So the Newark temperatures have been an accurate measurement from one of the warmest parts of the area. https://www2.nysmesonet.org/networks/nyc 13th St./16th / Alphabet City 99 67 85 99 67 78 27 0.00 16 9:05pm 7 11:20am 26.9 160 Ave. / Howard Beach 96 68 81 96 68 88 32 0.00 28th St. / Chelsea 96 70 85 96 70 73 29 0.00 25 11:45am 10 11:45am 25.0 Astoria 97 64 84 97 64 82 30 0.00 18 10:15pm 9 10:15am 26.0 Bensonhurst / Mapleton 97 71 84 97 71 81 31 0.00 25.0 Bronx Mesonet 94 63 82 94 63 79 32 0.00 24 11:50pm 15 11:25pm 29.2 Brooklyn Mesonet 93 67 82 93 67 82 32 0.00 26 10:45am 16 10:40am 27.1 Brownsville 100 69 84 100 69 77 27 0.00 Corona 99 66 84 99 66 80 28 0.00 E 40th St. / Murray Hill 96* 70* 85* 96* 70* 70* 30* 0.00 Fresh Kills 97 69 85 97 69 82 29 0.00 22 10:05am 12 9:50am 0.0 Glendale / Maspeth 96 65 83 96 65 81 30 0.00 Gold Street / Navy Yard 96 66 84 96 66 78 30 0.00 23 10:30am 13 10:50am 26.6 Lefferts / South Ozone Park 98 68 83 98 68 80 29 0.00 Manhattan Mesonet Elevation 311 ft rooftop 93 65 82 93 65 79 31 0.00 27 1:45am 17 10:10am 27.6 Newtown / Long Island City 96 65 84 96 65 80 28 0.00 25 11:25am 14 9:55pm 25.3 Queens Mesonet 93 64 81 93 64 87 32 0.00 26 10:25am 15 10:45am 26.1 Queensbridge / Dutch Kills 98 66 85 98 66 75 28 0.00 23.7 Staten Island Mesonet 95 69 84 95 69 80 30 0.00 29 10:10am 17 10:20am 28.4 TLC Center 94 65 83 94 65 78 30 0.00 24 10:20pm 10 10:05pm 28.0 Tremont / Van Nest 99 63 85 99 63 81 28 0.00 18 10:15pm 8 12:45am 27.0 Data for May 31, 2022 through May 31, 2022 Click column heading to sort ascending, click again to sort descending. State Name Station Type Highest Max Temperature NJ NEWARK LIBERTY INTL AP WBAN 98 NJ CALDWELL ESSEX COUNTY AP WBAN 95 CT NEW HAVEN TWEED AP WBAN 95 NY JFK INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT WBAN 94 CT MERIDEN MARKHAM MUNICIPAL AP WBAN 94 NY LAGUARDIA AIRPORT WBAN 93 NY NY CITY CENTRAL PARK WBAN 93

While the snowfall since 2003 has been very impressive, the old method of measurement undercounted snowfall totals. So we need to adjust the earlier snowfall era measurements higher to match the current methodology. The 1888 blizzard total was based on the liquid equivalent and not an actual snow depth measurement. https://news.ucar.edu/14009/snowfall-measurement-flaky-history Earlier in our weather history, the standard practice was to record snowfall amounts less frequently, such as every 12 or 24 hours, or even to take just one measurement of depth on the ground at the end of the storm. You might think that one or two measurements per day should add up to pretty much the same as measurements taken every 6 hours during the storm. It’s a logical assumption, but you would be mistaken. Snow on the ground gets compacted as additional snow falls. Therefore, multiple measurements during a storm typically result in a higher total than if snowfall is derived from just one or two measurements per day. That can make quite a significant difference. It turns out that it’s not uncommon for the snow on the ground at the end of a storm to be 15 to 20 percent less than the total that would be derived from multiple snowboard measurements. As the cooperative climate observer for Boulder, Colorado, I examined the 15 biggest snowfalls of the last two decades, all measured at the NOAA campus in Boulder. The sum of the snowboard measurements averaged 17 percent greater than the maximum depth on the ground at the end of the storm. For a 20-inch snowfall, that would be a boost of 3.4 inches—enough to dethrone many close rivals on the top-10 snowstorm list that were not necessarily lesser storms! Another common practice at the cooperative observing stations prior to 1950 did not involve measuring snow at all, but instead took the liquid derived from the snow and applied a 10:1 ratio (every inch of liquid equals ten inches of snow). This is no longer the official practice and has become increasingly less common since 1950. But it too introduces a potential low bias in historic snowfalls because in most parts of the country (and in the recent blizzard in the Northeast) one inch of liquid produces more than 10 inches of snow. This means that many of the storms from the 1980s or earlier would probably appear in the record as bigger storms if the observers had used the currently accepted methodology. Now, for those of you northeasterners with aching backs from shoveling, I am not saying that your recent storm wasn’t big in places like Boston, Portland, or Long Island. But I am saying that some of the past greats—the February Blizzard of 1978, the Knickerbocker storm of January 1922, and the great Blizzard of March 1888—are probably underestimated. So keep in mind when viewing those lists of snowy greats: the older ones are not directly comparable with those in recent decades. It’s not as bad as comparing apples to oranges, but it may be like comparing apples to crabapples. Going forward, we can look for increasingly accurate snow totals. Researchers at NCAR and other organizations are studying new approaches for measuring snow more accurately (see related story: Snowfall, inch by inch). But we can’t apply those techniques to the past. For now, all we can say is that snowfall measurements taken more than about 20 or 30 years ago may be unsuitable for detecting trends – and perhaps snowfall records from the past should not be melting away quite as quickly as it appears. https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/US-Snowfall-1900-2019-Decade-Decade-Look As an observer who has used both techniques during his now-29-year COOP tenure in Boulder, Mr. Kelsch estimates that for extreme snowfalls the use of six-hourly snowboard measurements can result in snow totals that are 15 to 20 percent greater than what is actually measured on the ground. The potential for confusion became evident after New York’s official Central Park site reported a 24-hour snowfall of 26.8” on January 22-23, 2016, a new all-time record for New York City. That total was adjusted upward even higher, to 27.5”, after an NWS review found and corrected an error in the transmitted snow report. However, local weather-minded residents living near the site in Central Park (and there are many of those!) measured only 18” to 22” on the ground at the end of the storm. At Newark International Airport, observations from the same storm showed a preliminary record of 28.1”. That total was declared invalid by the NWS because the private contractor who measured the snowfall took snowboard measurements once per hour, as opposed to the standard six-hour interval. The revised total of 24.0” fell short of the record of 25.6” set on Dec. 26, 1947. Another example: The great Blizzard of March 1888 brought Central Park 2.10” of melted precipitation, resulting in the official 21.0” snowfall reported. Since temperatures during the height of the blizzard were in the low teens, it is likely that the ratio was much greater than 10 to 1, and thus the actual snowfall considerably more than the 21.0” officially reported.

The error solidly emerged back in the 1990s when the ASOS was installed under the trees. Temperature analysis over the last year is irrelevant since the issue has been ongoing. So we have to use an analysis going back to the 1951-1980 climate period when the sensor was out in the open and not in the deep shade. The Central Park equipment was out in the sun and away from the deep shade during the 1951-1980 climate era. So we can compare how the high temperatures during the summer have changed between EWR, NYC, and LGA since then. The tree growth over the equipment has trimmed 2° off the NYC summer high temperatures relative to EWR and LGA. This has resulted in many lost recent heat records for NYC as the record warmth dramatically increased since 2010. Central Park should be averaging 10 more annual 90° days instead of just 1 if it was out in a grassy clearing away from the deep shade and cooling foliage. 2010-2021 summer high temperature warming over 1951-1980 NYC 1951-1980……83.0……2010-2021….83.5…..+0.5….should be closer to 85.5 or +2.5 away from the shade EWR…83.4…..85.7…+2.3 LGA….82.0…..84.6...+2.6 90° days change NYC….18……19……+1…should be +10 and 28 days a year of 90° EWR….23....33…….+10 LGA…..15…..26…….+11 The NYC Central Park minimum JJA average temperature rise between 1951-1980 and 2010-2021 actually matches the other stations. So this is how we can see that the dense foliage is blocking the sun during the daytime. I included all our major weather stations in the analysis below. It’s interesting that the stations on the Long Island Sound saw the greatest minimum temperature increase. So LGA and BDR are our only stations with a 3° low temperature increase. 1951-1980 to 2010-2021 JJA average temperature increase NYC….max….+0.5….min +2.3 EWR….max…+2.3…..min…+2.3…identical to NYC Central Park LGA…..max….+2.6….min….+3.2 JFK……max....+2.2…min….+2.4 ISP…….max…..+2.7….min….+2.7……records start in 1964 BDR…..max…..+2.1…..min……+3.1…similar to LGA We can clearly identify the mid 1990s into the early 2000s as the period when the trees began to cover the Central Park equipment. From the 1950s through the early 1990s, NYC would record 90 degree days in reasonable agreement with either EWR or LGA. Then NYC fell far behind during the 2000s when tree growth caused the high temperature readings to become unreliable. Sample years for 90 days since 1955 1955 EWR…32 NYC….25 LGA…..29 1966 EWR….33 NYC….35 LGA….25 1977 EWR….26 NYC….23 LGA…..14 1980 EWR…27 NYC…32 LGA….22 1983 EWR…40 NYC…36 LGA….31 1988 EWR….43 NYC….32 LGA…..26 1991 EWR…41 NYC…39 LGA….34 1999 EWR….33 NYC….27 LGA….26 2005 EWR….37 NYC….23 LGA…..30 2006 EWR…..27 NYC…..8 LGA……22 2010 NYC…54 NYC….37 LGA….48 2016 EWR….40 NYC…..22 LGA…..32 2020 EWR….31 NYC….20 LGA…..34 2021 EWR….41 NYC…..17 LGA…..25 Yes. The most among the major sites like NYC, EWR, and LGA. Central Park would regularly tie or lead for the most 90° days from the 1930s to 1980. But the tree growth over the equipment has prevented it from happening since 1980. If the station was properly maintained, NYC could have lead the area or tied for the most 90° days several years since then. Years when Central Park lead or tied for most 90° days 1936 NYC….26 EWR….22 1937 NYC…22 EWR…22 1939 NYC…24 EWR…24 1941 NYC…29 EWR…27 1953 NYC….32 EWR….32 1962 NYC….18 EWR….14 1966 NYC…35 EWR….33 1967 NYC…..9 EWR….7 1969 NYC….16 EWR…15 1970 NYC…29 EWR….29 1976 NYC…15 EWR..15 1980 NYC…32 EWR…27

Central Park is wrong since the old sensor used to be out in the open instead of under the trees before the 1990s. Deep shade with leaf transpiration can shave at least 2-3° off the high temperature on sunny days. That’s why the highs used to be much warmer at Central Park before the overgrowth in the 1990s. A sensor on the Great Lawn in Central Park would be at least 2-3° warmer than under trees.

Since the ranking is by temperature, it’s better to use dense rank function so numbers aren’t skipped.That’s what the NWS is trying to do for NYC top 10s. Several years can occupy the same rank since they share the same temperature.

Not if you are using dense ranking like the NWS OKX climate page does. https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-use-sql-rank-and-dense-rank-functions-7c3ebf84b4e8 Differences between RANK and DENSE_RANK The difference between these two functions comes down to how they handle identical values. Let’s say we have two students who have the same grade; both scored 90s on their math test. RANK and DENSE_RANK will assign the grades the same rank depending on how they fall compared to the other values. However, RANK will then skip the next available ranking value whereas DENSE_RANK would still use the next chronological ranking value. So with RANK, if the two 90s are given a ranking of 2, the next lowest value would be assigned a rank of 4, skipping over 3. With DENSE_RANK, the next lowest value would be assigned a rank of 3, not skipping over any values. Let’s compare the outcomes of both of these functions. Again, you can see there is no rank 2 in the column using RANK in contrast to the DENSE_RANK column which contains rank 2 and ends with rank 4 despite there being 5 rows in the table. Hopefully you now understand how to use RANK and DENSE_RANK and when to use each. Typically, I use DENSE_RANK as my default rank function in SQL. I find more problems want you to go in chronological ranking order without skipping a number. However, make sure you read the problem carefully and think about the output you’re trying to achieve.

Why?

Yeah, that 93° at Bradford established the new all-time June maximum temperature record. So the previous record high tied last June was easily surpassed. As for the Central Park high temperatures, the trees and dense foliage keep the sensor much cooler in the deep shade. CLIMATE REPORT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE STATE COLLEGE PA 218 AM EDT THU JUN 23 2022 ................................... ...THE BRADFORD CLIMATE SUMMARY FOR JUNE 22 2022... CLIMATE NORMAL PERIOD 1991 TO 2020 CLIMATE RECORD PERIOD 1957 TO 2022 WEATHER ITEM OBSERVED TIME RECORD YEAR NORMAL DEPARTURE LAST VALUE (LST) VALUE VALUE FROM YEAR NORMAL ................................................................... TEMPERATURE (F) YESTERDAY MAXIMUM 93R 239 PM 86 1975 76 17 60 2020 MINIMUM 64 1056 PM 35 1963 53 11 43 AVERAGE 79 65 14 52 Time Series Summary for BRADFORD REGIONAL AIRPORT, PA - Month of Jun Click column heading to sort ascending, click again to sort descending. Rank Year Highest Max Temperature Missing Count 1 2022 93 3 2 2021 89 0 - 1994 89 0 - 1988 89 0 3 2020 88 0 - 2018 88 0 - 2012 88 0 - 2011 88 0 - 1991 88 0 - 1968 88 0 Most recent NYC ASOS photos in 2013 with overgrown vegetation and trees. http://www.weather2000.com/ASOS/NYC_ASOS.html Central Park Weather: Vegetative Overgrowth Affecting Weather Readings - WABC-TV (New York-WABC, August 22, 2003) - Forecasting the weather is not easy. Government equipment can often be blamed for giving faulty weather information. As Bill Evans explains, a big culprit may be some of the equipment buried in Central Park. Rainfall, snowfall, and the temperature are all vital information recorded 24 hours a day at the weather station located in the heart of Central Park. But meteorologists like Michael Schlacter have serious concerns about the accuracy of the stations data. It sits amid overgrown vegetation and he says thats the problem. The leaves can trigger snow gauges and trees can warp rain and wind measurements. On this hot day, a temperature gauge is in the shade instead of direct sunlight. Michael Schlacter, Weather 2000: "Its kind of like driving a car without a speedometer, odometer, and gas gauge. You are running with false information." The weather instruments at Belvedere Castle have long adorned the top. There used to be a government meteorologist here in the city to keep an eye on them. But now the nearest meteorologist is 60 miles that way. But National Weather Service meteorologists say they knew the weather readings in the park would never be as keenly accurate as the ones at the airports where guidelines prevent foliage from being within 100 feet of the station. Schlacter: "We knew that at times we would have flaky readings, that leaves would fall in gauges, that we would have problems with visibility sensors." [NWS Meteorologist-in-Charge Michael] Wyllie says the weather station is there because it was historically significant to maintain its presence in the park. He says theres been a lot of growth because of the wet spring at so much in fact that temperatures have routinely been recorded lower in the park than at the airports. Wyllie: "We are actually having a micro climate system there because of the vegetation." Imperfect perhaps but nonetheless the system provides the official record of weather for the country's largest city. And Michael Schlacter says its a city that deserves better. Schlacter: "I think New Yorkers deserve a lot better, and I think they deserve the best weather station money can buy." Copyright 2003 ABC Inc., WABC-TV Inc