Wood is the water-conducting tissue of a plant. Under the microscope it appears to be made up of long, torpedo-shaped cells liberally sprinkled with holes to let water pass through. Wood is mostly made of these cells–called tracheids. Pine trees have no other specialized cells to carry water up the tree, but broadleaf trees do, vessels. are not torpedo-shaped at all, but resemble soda straws. You need a microscope to see them, but they are quite large as cells go, and that size can be a drawback. If air bubbles form inside them or ice crystals form in a late spring frost, they can be damaged so that no water goes up to service the expanding leaves.
Trees with large vessels are especially at risk. Just when buds need water from the roots, none is forthcoming. The solution, for such trees as black locust and oaks, is to manufacture a ring of vessels early in spring to carry the water up. The trouble is, it takes time to do so, time which the tree yields to other species that do not have to form a fresh layer of vessels, maples and poplars. That means those species get the jump on those working to make new vessels. Trees that make vessels lose out for a time in the battle for sunlight.