raindancewx

As I noted - this year is kind of like 1932 in a background sense (PDO, AMO, Solar, ENSO, ENSO sequence, Modoki status, etc). Here was hurricane two in 1932: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Freeport_hurricane

Had a lovely cloudy/cool day yesterday here, 76F for the high 60F at night. 78F or 79F today? https://t.co/on5O30hu92 Fall Outlook Anyway - Jamstec August update is in. Still likes a Neutral winter (but it uses a weird base period 1983-2006), and it has the West pretty cold now. Modoki values in winter are correlated somewhat with low solar, so I think its on the right track in dropping the Modoki value to 0, maybe to below 0 next month. >0 means Central Tropical Pacific is warmer than East/West Tropical Pacific. <0 means the opposite. So high Modoki values (>0 ) are a La Nina Traditional or El Nino Modoki signature (2009), while low values (<0) are a La Nina Modoki or El Nino Traditional signature. It does get weird, because just about La Ninas are -Modoki values, so -0.3 might be a better indicator. The +/-0 works well for El Ninos though. Last winter (DJF) was a La Nina Modoki, with -0.4C officially in DJF (after several -0.8C and -0.7C periods), with a -0.5 Modoki reading. I'm rooting for a -0.0 to -0.2 Modoki reading and a cold Neutral (-0.2 to -0.4C) ONI at this point. JAMSTEC had -0.2C in Aug 2016 for DJF 2016-17, but ended up at -0.4C. It shows +0.1C for DJF 17-18. So hopefully we stay in the negative Neutral zone. I like -0.3C or so for winter, maybe -0.5C in the Fall for one period.

I'll put my Fall Outlook on here tomorrow - it's fairly short, only 14 slides, 8 pictures. Generally, expecting a cooler Fall in New Mexico. We had a warm (+2.2), wet (+20%) Fall last year against 1931-2016 means. This year, expecting a cooler (-0.8F), wet (+30%) Fall against 1931-2016 means. Main differences for NM that I expect are: - Cooler/ Wetter Sept v. 2016 - Much Cooler (-6F, 69.9F instead of 75.9F) / Wetter Oct v. 2016 - Slightly Cooler / Much Drier Nov v 2016 - we had near record precip last November.

I've been playing with a Fall outlook by matching weather conditions in my area w/ ocean/solar conditions globally, and even though Texas looks somewhat warm (+1F to +3F) in Fall, it does look wetter than average, with maybe a hurricane or two late Aug - late Sept? Don't think it'd be more than 1-2 though, the two clusters seem to be Central Gulf of Mexico landfalls and SC landfalls in the analogs. 1932 was the only year with a couple TX landfalls. Selfishly, I'd like TX to fry, we tend to be wet here when you have big highs over you - haven't had a wet August (>1.2* mean of 1.45") in the city since 2006.

The AMO really does seem to have tremendous influence on the ice extent on Aug 1, or it is an amazing coincidence, I got an r-squared of 0.44 for annualized AMO to Aug 1 sea ice extent. The sun is a weak predictor of sea ice extent change for Aug 1 - Peak extent, but the AMO was still correlated at 0.22 r-squared. The AMO has been trending much lower than last year since June, so that coincides well with relatively little ice lost from the peak date (which varies) to Aug 1. Peak to Aug 1 losses are the lowest since 2006. Sunspots & AMO, when annualized correlate at 0.06 for 1979-2016, so that's kind of weird in its own right. The AMO seems to have been hot (>=0.2) on an annual basis 11 times in the prior warm cycle (~1926-1963), so would suspect we're almost done with these super warm years, there are probably two more shots in an AMO sense at breaking the 2012 record, assuming it doesn't happen in 2017, before 2020-2030 when the cold AMO sets in and slows/reverses the trend in declining ice. Super Warm Years (>=0.2) 1926-1963: 1932, 1933, 1937, 1938, 1944, 1945, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1958, 1960 Super Warm Years (>=0.2) since 1994: 1998, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2012, 2016, 2017* (probably) The AMO years under -0.10 average 8.786 million km^2 sea ice extent on Aug 1, the AMO years over +0.10 average 7.397 million km^2 sea ice extent on Aug 1, so some kind of slow down seems possible even with the Earth is warmer in the 2020s, back to maybe the late 1990s / early 2000s level?

Solar activity (Jan-Dec sunspots via SILSO) is actually correlated pretty strongly with sea ice extent on August 1 in the Arctic going by http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/charctic-interactive-sea-ice-graph/ but I think it is because the Sun & AMO flipped phases at similar times, i.e. the sun has weakened fairly consistently since the big solar years in the 1930s-1990s, and the 70s/80s/early 90s is when the AMO was cool, now it is warm.

The European (public) page updated, had Nino 3.4 at +0.5C in July, down from +0.6C in June. This is despite the substantial cooling in Nino 3.4 since July 24th or so. We have yet to return to +0.5C or higher since than cooling, which followed a big positive SOI burst.

I'm still kind of conflicted on the winter. Historically, +0.5C ONI in AMJ usually leads to an El Nino, of some strength. But it occasionally leads to cold Neutral too. Can eliminate a La Nina though. Unless coming off an El Nino ('41->'42, '82->'83, '97->'98, '04-'05, '15->'16 ) La Nina hasn't formed after a +0.4C or greater ONI in AMJ, at least back to 1930. Options seem to be: Moderate Modoki El Nino, w/ low solar, a warm Atlantic, a warm or neutral-ish PDO, following a Modoki La Nina, after a wet monsoon. That would be a cold winter with relatively average precipitation and fairly high snow totals for me. OR a Cold Neutral, w/ low solar, a warm Atlantic, a cool or netural-ish PDO, following a Modoki La Nina, after a dry monsoon. That would be a cold winter with low precipitation and average snow totals for me. Neutrals can be very cold in the West if the AMO is high, the PDO is low, and solar is low, but they're not as wet as El Ninos. 2012-13 was cool in my area with a somewhat warm Atlantic, a cold Pacific, and high solar, after a hot, dry Summer.

For a La Nina-ish year, Albuquerque did pretty well in terms of the traditional precip/evaporation measures in July 2016-June 2017. For every inch of water evaporated during the year, we got about 47.5% back as precipitation. That's really not bad given it was a pretty warm year overall. Traditionally, La Nina years only get ~40%, but some do get more.

6/24-6/25 big bands of precip have set up over the Gila in New Mexico, then drifted east. So far they have missed Albuquerque, but the band today might get here. Gonna be close.

Time to wake up Texans!

The JAMSTEC update for June looks like it has borderline El Nino conditions for mid-Oct to mid-Feb, with the rest of the forecast period merely "warm neutral". Whatever you'd call it, the trend is way down since April when the Jamstec had a super El Nino, and May when it had a pretty healthy 2009-like El Nino. The good news for the West, is that the Jamstec has also corrected away from forecasting an El Nino Modoki to showing a relatively traditional (if weak) El Nino. Looks like a low solar, weak, traditional, warm AMO, warm PDO, post ~La Nina, post wet monsoon Summer, El Nino-ish winter for the West. Blend of 1943 (x6), 1986 (x2), 1997 (x1), 2006 (x6) seems like a pretty good match to what the Jamstec shows.

CPC has this feature called "constructed analogs" - it recreates ocean conditions forecast from historical conditions from 1948-2017. I was paying with it earlier, was able to match (relatively) well with what their most recent update has for Dec-Feb by using 1976-77 (x2), 2004-05 (x2), 2006-07 (x4), 2009-10, 2014-15. Would be kind of a legendary winter here if it verified: cold, consistently wet, snowy. My analogs were based off of AMO/PDO values for Nov-Apr, ONI values Dec-Feb in Nino 3.4, the ONI value the prior DJF in Nino 3.4, Modoki status, sunspots July-June, Monsoon rains in Albuquerque. Close years get points. The weights were tricky, but I settled on a system of 15 points, where the AMO (3), Sun (3), and ONI (3) count most, followed by Modoki status (2), prior ONI (2), and then the PDO (1) and Monsoon rains (1). Any year that has at least 8 points gets weighted at ((weight)-(7)). Values I used were: Winter ONI DJF PDO N-A AMO N-A Sunspots ONI (P) Modoki=1 Monsoon 2009 1.6 0.43 0.200 13.2 -0.8 1 4.0 2006 0.7 -0.04 0.208 20.1 -0.9 1 9.4 1976 0.6 1.04 -0.315 23.2 -1.5 1 3.1 2004 0.6 0.47 0.222 55.3 0.3 1 4.1 2014 0.6 2.07 0.005 90.7 -0.6 1 5.7 1976 0.6 1.04 -0.315 23.2 -1.5 1 3.1 2004 0.6 0.47 0.222 55.3 0.3 1 4.1 2006 0.7 -0.04 0.208 20.1 -0.9 1 9.4 2006 0.7 -0.04 0.208 20.1 -0.9 1 9.4 2006 0.7 -0.04 0.208 20.1 -0.9 1 9.4 Average 0.7 0.54 0.085 34.1 -0.7 1 6.16 Expected 0.8 0.80 0.200 18.0 -0.4 1 5.75 AMO / PDO will probably be higher than I have - my system of auto-analoging was looking for the values I listed or expected, so it did a fairly good job.

Gotta watch the possibility of a tropical system blowing up in the Gulf of Mexico and smacking Texas over the next ten days.

Elephant Butte Water level has been over 20% for 3.5 weeks now, currently up 16.5 feet from this time last year. Pretty impressive to see, as the longer it stays over 20%, the more water NM gets to keep for storage.

Mountains and higher valleys in the northern half of New Mexico got pasted with this system - definitely the most snow I've seen from a late system here. I was asleep until 2 pm but it seems to have snowed at the airport around 7 am and then again around 11 am, and it stuck enough to dust the ground. I didn't have any days in March in Albuquerque with highs <50F. We've had two in April, and if the front had come through an hour earlier yesterday we would have had a midnight high then of 45F or something, which would have been three days <50F. Still waiting on the official number from NWS ABQ, they reported a picture of the snow earlier but no total.

The 95th percentile from WPC has nearly 3 feet of snow in northern NM from this system, let's hope the forecast below doesn't "miss" low - a lot of people could suffer if the bust misses in the wrong direction. I'm expecting flurries-2" in Albuquerque, depending on how powerful the band is that moves over the city. Any intense precipitation should temporarily go over to snow and possibly accumulate on the ground.

GFS on board with (probably) the final big-time snowstorm for the season in the SW. Will be nasty for severe weather elsewhere.

AMO (North Atlantic) fell to 0.175 - big time drop from February, also a bit below last March. Way down from June-Sept when it was 0.40 to 0.50. The Nov-Apr AMO value looks like it is the highest of this AMO+ cycle, barring another huge drop in April. The Nov-Apr value in 1952-53 was the last time the six months were above the current value. 1943-44, and 1944-45 were even warmer. I'd like to think the AMO/Atlantic will cool some next year, as we approach the flip year, and see an El Nino, but we'll have to see. I designed this "auto" analoging thing, and it thinks Nov-Apr 2016-2017 was closest to 1931-32, if you use Nino 3.4 (ONI in DJF), PDO (Nov-Apr), AMO (Nov-Apr), Solar (sunspots July-June), Modoki status in DJF, and previous year ONI in DJF. Tentative years closest to 2016-17 shown below. Close match on 3+ variables of the 7 counts as analog. The weighting is 3 = 1, 4 = 2, 5 = 3, 6 = 4, 7 = 5, essentially close variables minus two points. I divided Modoki into five categories, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2. The two means "warm center, but greatest anomaly to East", one means "warm center, and greatest anomaly in center", 0 means roughly same anomaly in both during Neutral year, -1 means "cool center, greatest anomaly in center", and -2 means "cool center, greatest anomaly in east". It was interesting to see the years below select mostly -1 and 2, as both are warm in the east relative to the middle (Modoki La Nina and East based El Ninos). ONI DJF PDO N-A AMO N-A Sun Jul-Jun Prior ONI Modoki Mons (In) 1931 -0.3 0.38 0.186 25.1 1.3 -1 3.54 1931 -0.3 0.38 0.186 25.1 1.3 -1 3.54 1941 1.1 0.70 0.247 76.5 1.9 2 5.44 1976 0.6 1.04 -0.315 23.2 -1.5 1 3.10 1983 -0.5 1.45 -0.085 82.7 2.2 -1 2.94 1983 -0.5 1.45 -0.085 82.7 2.2 -1 2.94 1998 -1.5 -0.45 0.154 115.2 2.2 -1 3.40 Mean -0.2 0.71 0.041 61.5 1.4 -0.3 3.56 2016 -0.4 0.93 0.258 28 2.2 -1 3.09

Albuquerque had it's greatest daily rainfall today in March since at least March 9th 2009, pending any more precip by midnight....a staggering 0.18"! Will be interesting seeing if the statewide snowpack numbers jump up a lot from 37% of normal today when the reading comes in 3.29. Historically, 3/29 is a good snowfall date for the state. Will be interesting to see if that verifies, a lot of the rain should go over to snow north and east of Albuquerque after midnight, even down to 5,000 or 6,000 feet.

Very very early look at next winter looks pretty cold. Near-solar minimum El Ninos are much more likely to be cold in NM than higher-solar El Ninos. If you use 2F below the 85-year mean as the threshold for cold, it's 6/9 cold near the minimum, and 1/18 away from the minimum. Statistically significant difference in frequency of cold winters. I've kind of settled on these as the big seven for seasonal forecasting in NM: - AMO phase (<=-0.1, -0.1 to 0.1, >=0.1): WARM - PDO phase (<=-0.4, -0.4 to 0.4, >=0.4): WARM - ENSO (El Nino or not?). Neutrals will act like weak El Nino if Monsoon wet, like weak La Nina if Monsoon dry: EL NINO - Monsoon (>=4.3", or not): WET - ENSO order. El after El? El after N? El after La? La after El? La after N? La after L? N after El? N after N? N after L?: EL AFTER LA - Modoki? La Nina Modokis are often fairly wet in the West & warm in the east, as are east-based El Ninos: NON-MODOKI (look at Nino 1.2!) - Solar? 10x more likely to get big snow in March in high solar. Wetter Springs in high solar. Much colder in low solar El Nino though: LOW SOLAR (~2.5 yrs from min, ~20 sunspots) Looks pretty cold nationally too. Least confident about the AMO/Monsoon - monsoon is almost completely random other than a weak correlation to the PDO. AMO looks a lot colder than even two months ago.

So...the legendary pattern may be returning for March? This is what the Canadian has. GFS still coming in... Going to be a lot of nasty tornadoes if the SW & NW are cool/cold with the SE warm.

Well...that cool snap in the Atlantic is gone. The AMO & PDO hardly changed from Jan to Feb - 0.232 and 0.70 are the new numbers (ESRL and JISAO respectively). I've been playing with solar (sunspot) numbers lately since we're likely to be in near-minimum thresholds by 1749-2016 standards from the winter of 2016-17 to winter 2021-22. There don't seem to be a whole lot of huge impacts for my area, but it is notable that despite the reputation for cold in Solar Minimums, I found that here in the SW the minimum years (July-June years with monthly sunspot mean <=55), the real effect is El Nino / La Nina temperature differences are exaggerated. So the La Ninas are warmer at the minimum, and the El Ninos are colder at the minimum. La Nina at the solar minimum is also the worst snow pattern historically for Albuquerque, but its offset by El Nino at the solar minimum, which is the coldest pattern for Albuquerque. Expecting two of the six winters from 2016-17 to 2021-22 to be cold (mean high <=47.5F) with one possibly <=46.5F. Overall, when I did a proportion test (http://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/ztest/Default2.aspx) I found the following held true at the P<=0.05 level: - Odds of >=8" snow in a month is much more likely near solar minimum (18% v. 9%) - Odds of >=2" snow in a month is less likely near solar minimum (81% v. 96%). - Odds of winter being 2F or more below normal mean highs are 3.5x greater near solar minimum than in other years (33% v. 9%). - Odds of >=3" snow in March fall massively during near-minimum years (3%) v. all years (28%). It is the only month from Nov-Apr to show this effect. P was 0.00398, super low. - Precipitation, odds of snow, and Fall/Spring temperatures were not impacted at the P<=0.05 level, although I didn't check snow frequency of precip frequency, just totals. Spring / Fall temps I think might be impacted if I centered solar years on March / Sept instead of Dec, but i haven't looked at that yet. Spatially, it is interesting to note that El Nino with solar minimum is very cold in NM, while El Nino with solar maximum is very cold on the East Coast. The Midwest freezes when you have Neutral with near-normal solar.

Here is a look at the final temperature anomalies for the winter. Ridiculously wet for just about all the West, which is a fairly rare outcome - first time since 2007-08. Very warm winter in much of the Southeast. Very cold, likely near record cold, in parts of Washington state. My October forecast idea wasn't terrible, had the West very wet, and the east dry/warm. The dry/warm area got further West and was stronger than I thought, so it pushed the cold/wet area back some to the West. This is mainly because the PDO has stayed positive instead of hanging out around 0 like I thought it would. The entire West being Wet in a winter has only happened ~15 times since 1930, so kind of cool to see that happen again.

Fun pictures. Snow in Texas in March have been quite the shock for some people. We had 9.6" Feb 26-28 that winter, biggest non-Dec snowstorm in Albuquerque in 30 years. One of the features of the 2014-15 Winter / Spring was the Atlantic actually got to the cold side of "average" in Feb-Apr. AMO ended up at 0.005 or something for Nov-Apr in 2014-15. It's interesting to see it radically cooling off again in the East again.