@frd, I have read that research to which you refer, and believe it to hold value. There is a documented lagged-oceanic forcing, part of feedback cycle with the atmosphere. The interesting aspect about the NAO, as to why it is such a difficult 'beast' to forecast is its highly multifactorial nature. Unlike the PNA for example, which can be primarily forced by MJO or tropical Pacific disruptions, the NAO is forced by way of many disparate variables. That being said, there are propensities and corr
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